About the Authors

Narumi Kojima

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Visualization, Writing – original draft

nkojima@tmig.or.jp

Affiliation Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan

Yosuke Osuka

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan

Hiroyuki Sasai

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan

Shoji Shinkai

Roles Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision

Affiliation Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan

Kenji Ishii

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan

Noriyuki Kohda

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Otsu Nutraceuticals Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shiga, Japan

Yodai Kobayashi

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Otsu Nutraceuticals Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shiga, Japan

Hunkyung Kim

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision

Affiliation Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan

Competing Interests

This study was funded by Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shiga, Japan. SS and HK received research funding from Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. NoK and YK are employees of Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. and contributed mainly to the microbiome analyses and provided advice on the manuscript. The initial study design was discussed with representatives from Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. during the project planning stage. The funder had no role in the data collection, statistical analysis, or the decision to publish. The authors declare no additional competing interests. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.