About the Authors

Bin Sun

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China

Shichun Yang

Roles Resources

Affiliations School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China, Innovation Center of New Energy Vehicle Digital Supervision Technology and Application for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China

Yu Wang

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation

Affiliation School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China

Jiayi Lu

Roles Formal analysis

Affiliation Innovation Center of New Energy Vehicle Digital Supervision Technology and Application for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China

Zhaowen Pang

Roles Visualization

Affiliation School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China

Xinjie Feng

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China

Haoran Guang

Roles Formal analysis

Affiliation School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China

Yaoguang Cao

Roles Supervision

caoyaoguang@buaa.edu.cn

Affiliations State Key Lab of Intelligent Transportation System, Beihang University, Beijing, China, Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, China

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.