About the Authors

Jane Michelle Williams

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

jane.williams@hartpury.ac.uk

Current address: Hartpury University, Hartpury, Gloucester, United Kingdom.

Affiliation Equine Department, Hartpury University, Gloucester, United Kingdom

Saranna Jordan

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Current address: Hartpury University, Hartpury, Gloucester, United Kingdom.

Affiliation Equine Department, Hartpury University, Gloucester, United Kingdom

Laura Friend

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Current address: Hartpury University, Hartpury, Gloucester, United Kingdom.

Affiliation Equine Department, Hartpury University, Gloucester, United Kingdom

Emily Kay

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Current address: Hartpury University, Hartpury, Gloucester, United Kingdom.

Affiliation Equine Department, Hartpury University, Gloucester, United Kingdom

Matilda Edmunds

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Current address: Hartpury University, Hartpury, Gloucester, United Kingdom.

Affiliation Equine Department, Hartpury University, Gloucester, United Kingdom

Helena Flynn

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Horse Welfare Board, London, United Kingdom.

Affiliation Horse Welfare Board, London, United Kingdom

Stephen Wensley

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Horse Welfare Board, London, United Kingdom.

Affiliation Horse Welfare Board, London, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy, and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests, SJ, LF, EK, and MP declare no conflicts of interest. SW and HF were employed by The Horse Welfare Board. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results. The data underlying this study are not publicly available due to ethical and privacy restrictions. The dataset contains information that could compromise the privacy of research participants, and access is further restricted by third-party ownership. Specifically, the data are owned by the Horse Welfare Board, which imposes limitations on public sharing. Interested researchers may request access to the data by contacting the Horse Welfare Board (info@horsewelfareboard.org) and the corresponding author. Requests will be considered on a case-by-case basis in accordance with ethical guidelines and institutional data sharing policies.