About the Authors

Shiying Hao

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft

shiyingh@stanford.edu

Affiliation Center for Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America

Esther E. Velásquez

Roles Resources, Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America

William S. Pearson

Roles Conceptualization, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GeorgiaUnited States of America

Karen W. Hoover

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of HIV Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GeorgiaUnited States of America

Weiming Zhu

Roles Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of HIV Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GeorgiaUnited States of America

Ilia Rochlin

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Inform and Disseminate Division, Office of Public Health Data, Surveillance, and Technology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Ayin Vala

Roles Data curation, Software

Affiliation Center for Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America

Isabella Chu

Roles Project administration, Resources

Affiliation Center for Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America

Robert L. Phillips

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation The Center for Professionalism & Value in Health Care, ABFM Foundation, Seattle, Washington, D.C., United States of America

David H. Rehkopf

Roles Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Center for Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America, Department of Medicine (Division of Primary Care and Population Health), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America, Department of Health Policy, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America, Department of Sociology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America

Neil Kamdar

Roles Supervision, Writing – original draft

Affiliations Center for Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America, Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America, Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Competing Interests

Neil Kamdar serves as a consultant at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Sheps Center for Health Policy, and the University of New Mexico, Department of Emergency Medicine. Other authors have no conflicting or competing interests. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.