About the Authors

Beatrice T. Nganso

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

bnganso@icipe.org, ngansobeatrice@gmail.com

Affiliation Environmental Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya

Workneh Ayalew

Contributed equally to this work with: Workneh Ayalew, Abebe J. Wubie, Freweini Assefa, Lulseged Belayhun

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Environmental Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya

Abebe J. Wubie

Contributed equally to this work with: Workneh Ayalew, Abebe J. Wubie, Freweini Assefa, Lulseged Belayhun

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Environmental Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya

Freweini Assefa

Contributed equally to this work with: Workneh Ayalew, Abebe J. Wubie, Freweini Assefa, Lulseged Belayhun

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Environmental Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya

Lulseged Belayhun

Contributed equally to this work with: Workneh Ayalew, Abebe J. Wubie, Freweini Assefa, Lulseged Belayhun

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Environmental Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya

Nelly N. Ndungu

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

‡ NNN, DT, ZNOA, MBW and YOO authors also contributed equally to this work

Affiliation Environmental Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya

Daniel Toroitich

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

‡ NNN, DT, ZNOA, MBW and YOO authors also contributed equally to this work

Affiliation Apiculture and Beneficial Insects Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Marigat, Kenya

Z. Ngalo Otieno-Ayayo

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

‡ NNN, DT, ZNOA, MBW and YOO authors also contributed equally to this work

Affiliation Department of Biological, Physical and Health Sciences, Rongo University, Rongo, Migori, Kenya

Mbatha B. Wambua

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

‡ NNN, DT, ZNOA, MBW and YOO authors also contributed equally to this work

Affiliation Environmental Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya

Yudah O. Oyieyo

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

‡ NNN, DT, ZNOA, MBW and YOO authors also contributed equally to this work

Affiliation Department of Biological, Physical and Health Sciences, Rongo University, Rongo, Migori, Kenya

Ntirenganya Elie

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Rwandan Association of Ecologists (ARECO Rwanda-NZIZA), Kigali, Rwanda

Rachidatou Sikirou

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Laboratory of Plant Protection (LADC), National Institute of Agricultural Research of Benin (INRAB), Cotonou, Benin

Souradji B. Idrissou

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Laboratory of Plant Protection (LADC), National Institute of Agricultural Research of Benin (INRAB), Cotonou, Benin

Willy Mwiza

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Agriculture and Animal Resources Development Board (RAB), Kigali, Rwanda

S. Turner

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Malaika Honey Company, Kampala, Uganda

Bridget O. Bobadoye

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Forest Conservation and Protection, Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN), Ibadan, Nigeria

Sidonie T. Fameni

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, Maroua, Cameroon

Sayemie Gaboe

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Nimba Beekeepers Incorporated, Nimba, Liberia

Mawufe K. Agbodzavu

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo,

Patrick Mafwila

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Animal Production, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo,

Geraud C. Tasse Taboue

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Multipurpose Research Station, Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, Bangangté, Cameroon

Kimathi Emily

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Environmental Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya

Tonnang Z.E. Henri

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Environmental Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya, University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Agricultural, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa

Saliou Niassy

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation African Union Inter-African Phytosanitary Council (AU-IAPSC), Yaoundé, Cameroon

Simplice N. Fonkou

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Association for the Development of Agriculture, Fisheries and Animal Resources (ADAFAR), Yaoundé, Cameroon

Christian W. W. Pirk

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Social Insects Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

Alison Gray

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK

Robert Brodschneider

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria

Victoria Soroker

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Entomology, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel

Sevgan Subramanian

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Environmental Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.