About the Authors

Jeff Ondocsin

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

jeffrey.ondocsin@ucsf.edu (JO); emily.arnold@ucsf.edu (EAA)

Affiliations Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America, Family & Community Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Lissa Moran

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Daniel Ciccarone

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Family & Community Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Simon Outram

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Dan Werb

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Division of Infectious Diseases & Global Public Health, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America

Nicole Holm

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Family & Community Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Emily A. Arnold

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Current address: School of Medicine, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America

Affiliation Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Competing Interests

Dan Werb is a founder of DoseCheck, a commercial entity that is developing a mobile drug checking technology. Daniel Ciccarone reports the following relevant financial relationships during the past 12 months: 1, he is a scientific advisor to Celero Systems and 2, he has been retained as an expert witness in ongoing prescription opioid litigation by Motley Rice, LLP. The remaining authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.