About the Authors

Yuxuan Jiao

Contributed equally to this work with: Yuxuan Jiao, Qingqing Zhou

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Nanjing Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Pesticide Application Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

Qingqing Zhou

Contributed equally to this work with: Yuxuan Jiao, Qingqing Zhou

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Nanjing Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Pesticide Application Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

Tao Sun

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Nanjing Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Pesticide Application Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

Chen Cai

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation

Affiliations Nanjing Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Pesticide Application Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

Longfei Cui

Roles Software, Supervision

Affiliations Nanjing Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Pesticide Application Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

Zhu Sun

Roles Software, Supervision

Affiliations Nanjing Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Pesticide Application Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

Yongkui Jin

Roles Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision

Affiliations Nanjing Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Pesticide Application Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

Wei Kong

Roles Supervision

Affiliations Nanjing Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Pesticide Application Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

Suming Ding

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Nanjing Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Pesticide Application Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

Xinyu Xue

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

xuexinyu@caas.cn

Affiliations Nanjing Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Pesticide Application Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.