About the Authors

Sandi M. Azab

Roles Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Dany Doiron

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada

Karleen M. Schulze

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Jeffrey R. Brook

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Occupational and Environmental Health Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Michael Brauer

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Eric E. Smith

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta

Alan R. Moody

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medical Imaging, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Dipika Desai

Roles Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Matthias G. Friedrich

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Shrikant I. Bangdiwala

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Dena Zeraatkar

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Douglas Lee

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Programming and Biostatistics, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Trevor J. B. Dummer

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Paul Poirier

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faculté de Pharmacie, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada

Jean-Claude Tardif

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Koon K. Teo

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Scott Lear

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada

Salim Yusuf

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Sonia S. Anand

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Russell J. de Souza

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

desouzrj@mcmaster.ca

Affiliations Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

for the Canadian Alliance of Healthy Hearts and Minds (CAHHM) Study Investigators

The full list of CAHHM Study Investigators can be found under Acknowledgments.

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: RJ de Souza has served as an external resource person to the World Health Organization’s Nutrition Guidelines Advisory Group on trans fats, saturated fats, and polyunsaturated fats. The WHO paid for his travel and accommodation to attend meetings from 2012-2017 to present and discuss this work. He has presented updates of this work to the WHO in 2022. He has also done contract research for the Canadian Institutes of Health Research’s Institute of Nutrition, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Health Canada, and the World Health Organization for which he received remuneration. He has received speaker’s fees from the University of Toronto, and McMaster Children’s Hospital. He has held grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Canadian Foundation for Dietetic Research, Population Health Research Institute, and Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation as a principal investigator, and is a co-investigator on several funded team grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. He has served as an independent director of the Helderleigh Foundation (Canada). He serves as a member of the Nutrition Science Advisory Committee to Health Canada (Government of Canada), and a co-opted member of the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) Subgroup on the Framework for the Evaluation of Evidence (Public Health England). Dr Anand reported receiving grants from Canadian Partnership Against Cancer, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, and Canadian Institutes of Health Research, and a Canadian Institutes of Health Research Foundation grant during the conduct of the study and serving as the Tier 1 Canada Research Chair Ethnicity and Cardiovascular Disease and as the Michael G Degroote Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Population Health Research, and receiving grants from Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada and Canadian Institutes of Health Research, and receiving personal fees from Bayer outside the submitted work. Dr Friedrich reported receiving personal fees from Circle CVI Inc for serving as a board member and adviser and being a shareholder outside the submitted work. Dr Dummer reported receiving grants from Canadian Partnership Against Cancer during the conduct of the study. Dr Lear reported receiving grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and grants from Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research during the conduct of the study and personal fees from Curatio Inc outside the submitted work. Dr Tardif reported receiving grants from Amarin, Ceapro, Esperion, Ionis, Novartis, Pfizer, RegenXBio, Sanofi, AstraZeneca, and DalCor Pharmaceuticals, receiving personal fees from AstraZeneca, HLS Pharmaceuticals, Pendopharm, and DalCor Pharmaceuticals, and having a minor equity interest in DalCor Pharmaceuticals Minor outside the submitted work. In addition, Dr Tardif had a patent for Pharmacogenomics-Guided CETP Inhibition issued by DalCor Pharmaceuticals, a patent for Use of Colchicine After Myocardial Infarction pending, and a patent for Genetic Determinants of Response to Colchicine pending. No other disclosures were reported. Dr Brauer served on the WHO Guideline Development Group (no remuneration was provided but travel costs to meetings were covered). This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.