About the Authors

Nicky Lewis

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

nicky.lewis@uky.edu

Affiliation University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America

Barry Eggleston

Roles Data curation, Methodology, Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America

Redonna K. Chandler

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Dawn Goddard-Eckrich

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Columbia University, New York, North Carolina, United States of America

Jamie E. Luster

Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America

Dacia D. Beard

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Project administration, Resources, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Emma Rodgers

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Project administration, Resources, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Columbia University, New York, North Carolina, United States of America

Rouba Chahine

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Software, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America

Philip M. Westgate

Roles Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America

Shoshana N. Benjamin

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Columbia University, New York, North Carolina, United States of America

JaNae Holloway

Roles Data curation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America

Thomas Clarke

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

R. Craig Lefebvre

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America

Michael D. Stein

Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Donald W. Helme

Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America

Jennifer Reynolds

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America

Sharon L. Walsh

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America

Darcy Freedman

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America

Nabila El-Bassel

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Columbia University, New York, North Carolina, United States of America

Kara Stephens

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America

Anita Silwal

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America

Michelle Lofwall

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America

Janet E. Childerhose

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America

Hilary L. Surratt

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America

Brooke N. Crockett

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America

Amy L. Farmer

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America

James L. David

Roles Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Columbia University, New York, North Carolina, United States of America

Laura Fanucchi

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America

Judy Harness

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America

Ben Wilburn

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America

Kelli Bursey

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America

Kristin Mattson

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America

Sarah Mann

Roles Project administration

Affiliation The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America

Rebecca D. Jackson

Roles Funding acquisition, Project administration, Supervision

Affiliation The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America

Aimee Shadwick

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation RecoveryOhio, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America

Katherine Calver

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Deborah Chassler

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Jennifer Kimball

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Nancy Regan

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Jeffrey H. Samet

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Rachel Sword-Cruz

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Michael D. Slater

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: Michelle Lofwall has served as a scientific consultant for Berkshire Biomedical, Braeburn, Journey Colab, and Titan Pharmaceuticals in the last three years. This does not alter our adherence to all PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.