About the Authors

Arfan Fahmi

Roles Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang, Indonesia, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia

Nur Mukminatien

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang, Indonesia

Daniel Ginting

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology

daniel.ginting@machung.ac.id

Affiliation Universitas Ma Chung, Malang, Indonesia

Shirly Rizki Kusumaningrum

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis

Affiliation Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang, Indonesia

Competing Interests

The authors of this manuscript have thoroughly reviewed the journal’s policy on competing interests, and we unequivocally declare that there are no competing interests associated with this work. We affirm that neither financial nor non-financial interests exist that could be perceived to influence or bias the outcomes or interpretations presented in this research. Our commitment to transparency and integrity in research is paramount, and we affirm that there are no relationships or activities that could compromise the impartiality or objectivity of this study. This statement is in line with the journal’s guidelines, and we assure the readers and the scientific community of the accuracy and completeness of this declaration.