About the Authors

Noëmie El Agrebi

Contributed equally to this work with: Noëmie El Agrebi, Lina De Smet

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk analysis applied to Veterinary sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium

Lina De Smet

Contributed equally to this work with: Noëmie El Agrebi, Lina De Smet

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

claude.saegerman@uliege.be (CS); lina.desmet@ugent.be (LDS)

Affiliations Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Entomology and Bee Pathology, Ghent University (UGent), Ghent, Belgium, Faculty of Sciences, Honeybee Valley, Ghent University (UGent), Ghent, Belgium

Caroline Douny

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium

Marie-Louise Scippo

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium

Lidija Svečnjak

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Fisheries, Apiculture, Wildlife Management and Special Zoology, Zagreb, Croatia

Dirk C. de Graaf

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Entomology and Bee Pathology, Ghent University (UGent), Ghent, Belgium, Faculty of Sciences, Honeybee Valley, Ghent University (UGent), Ghent, Belgium

Claude Saegerman

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

claude.saegerman@uliege.be (CS); lina.desmet@ugent.be (LDS)

Affiliation Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk analysis applied to Veterinary sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.