About the Authors

Anna Afferri

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

anna.afferri@gmail.com

Affiliation School of Health and Related Research–ScHARR, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

Susan Dierickx

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, Department of Clinical Sciences, Research Centre Gender, Diversity and Intersectionality—RHEA, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium

Mustapha Bittaye

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Ministry of Health, Banjul, The Gambia, School of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia

Musa Marena

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Ministry of Health, Banjul, The Gambia, School of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia

Allan Antony Pacey

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

Julie Balen

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations School of Allied and Public Health Professions, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, United Kingdom, Medical Research Council–MRC Unit The Gambia at LSHTM, Fajara, The Gambia

Competing Interests

AA, SD, MB, and MM declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. JB reports an honorary fellowship with MRC The Gambia Unit. AP reports paid consultancy for Cryos International, Cytoswim Ltd, Exceed Health, and Merck Serono in the last two years, but all monies have been paid to the University of Sheffield (former employer). AP is also an unpaid trustee of the Progress Educational Trust (Charity Number 1139856).