About the Authors

Stephan Dietrich

Contributed equally to this work with: Stephan Dietrich, Stafford Nichols

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Business and Economics of Maastricht University and the UNU-MERIT School, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands

Stafford Nichols

Contributed equally to this work with: Stephan Dietrich, Stafford Nichols

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Stafford.Nichols@gmail.com

Affiliation The UNU-MERIT School, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands

Competing Interests

The data was provided by the Gallup Organization. Stafford Nichols was an employee of the Gallup Organization from 2011 to 2022, and Stephan Dietrich was an outside consultant there from September 2021 to March 2022. However, the Gallup Organization has not reviewed or influenced the results of this paper in anyway. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.