About the Authors

Nathalie MacKinnon

Contributed equally to this work with: Nathalie MacKinnon, Frank Scheuermeyer, Andrew Kestler

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Department of Emergency Medicine, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Daniel Lane

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

‡ DL, JK, KD, AMO, RD, JM, GA, MK, JY, JJK, KC, PA, DS, JS, FB and JW also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Frank Scheuermeyer

Contributed equally to this work with: Nathalie MacKinnon, Frank Scheuermeyer, Andrew Kestler

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Department of Emergency Medicine, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Center for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Janusz Kaczorowski

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

‡ DL, JK, KD, AMO, RD, JM, GA, MK, JY, JJK, KC, PA, DS, JS, FB and JW also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Kathryn Dong

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

‡ DL, JK, KD, AMO, RD, JM, GA, MK, JY, JJK, KC, PA, DS, JS, FB and JW also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Aaron M. Orkin

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

‡ DL, JK, KD, AMO, RD, JM, GA, MK, JY, JJK, KC, PA, DS, JS, FB and JW also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Department of Family & Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Raoul Daoust

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing

‡ DL, JK, KD, AMO, RD, JM, GA, MK, JY, JJK, KC, PA, DS, JS, FB and JW also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Jessica Moe

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

‡ DL, JK, KD, AMO, RD, JM, GA, MK, JY, JJK, KC, PA, DS, JS, FB and JW also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Gary Andolfatto

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

‡ DL, JK, KD, AMO, RD, JM, GA, MK, JY, JJK, KC, PA, DS, JS, FB and JW also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Michelle Klaiman

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

‡ DL, JK, KD, AMO, RD, JM, GA, MK, JY, JJK, KC, PA, DS, JS, FB and JW also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Justin Yan

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

‡ DL, JK, KD, AMO, RD, JM, GA, MK, JY, JJK, KC, PA, DS, JS, FB and JW also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Division of Emergency Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada

Justin J. Koh

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

‡ DL, JK, KD, AMO, RD, JM, GA, MK, JY, JJK, KC, PA, DS, JS, FB and JW also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

Kathryn Crowder

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

‡ DL, JK, KD, AMO, RD, JM, GA, MK, JY, JJK, KC, PA, DS, JS, FB and JW also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Paul Atkinson

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

‡ DL, JK, KD, AMO, RD, JM, GA, MK, JY, JJK, KC, PA, DS, JS, FB and JW also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University, St. John, New Brunswick, Canada

David Savage

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

‡ DL, JK, KD, AMO, RD, JM, GA, MK, JY, JJK, KC, PA, DS, JS, FB and JW also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Division of Clinical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada

James Stempien

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

‡ DL, JK, KD, AMO, RD, JM, GA, MK, JY, JJK, KC, PA, DS, JS, FB and JW also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

Floyd Besserer

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

‡ DL, JK, KD, AMO, RD, JM, GA, MK, JY, JJK, KC, PA, DS, JS, FB and JW also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada

Jason Wale

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

‡ DL, JK, KD, AMO, RD, JM, GA, MK, JY, JJK, KC, PA, DS, JS, FB and JW also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada

Andrew Kestler

Contributed equally to this work with: Nathalie MacKinnon, Frank Scheuermeyer, Andrew Kestler

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

andrew.kestler@ubc.ca

Affiliations Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Department of Emergency Medicine, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Center for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.