About the Authors

Wang Xiang

Contributed equally to this work with: Wang Xiang, Zezhi Wang

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Hunan Key Laboratory of Smart Roadway and Cooperative Vehicle-Infrastructure Systems, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China

Zezhi Wang

Contributed equally to this work with: Wang Xiang, Zezhi Wang

Roles Methodology, Software, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Hunan Key Laboratory of Smart Roadway and Cooperative Vehicle-Infrastructure Systems, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China

Xin Pan

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis

‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work

Affiliations State Grid Hunan Electric Power Company Limited Economic & Technical Research Institute, Changsha, Hunan, China, Hunan Key Laboratory of Energy Internet Supply-demand and Operation, Changsha, Hunan, China

Xiaobing Liu

Roles Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

lxiaobing@bjtu.edu.cn

‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work

Affiliation School of System Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China

Xuedong Yan

Roles Funding acquisition, Supervision

‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work

Affiliation Key Laboratory of Transport Industry of Big Data Application Technologies for Comprehensive Transport, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China

Li Chen

Roles Data curation, Investigation

‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work

Affiliation School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.