About the Authors

Kirsten Grossmann

Contributed equally to this work with: Kirsten Grossmann, Martin Risch, Andjela Markovic

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Private University in the Principality of Liechtenstein (UFL), Triesen, Principality of Liechtenstein, Dr Risch Medical Laboratory, Vaduz, Liechtenstein

Martin Risch

Contributed equally to this work with: Kirsten Grossmann, Martin Risch, Andjela Markovic

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Dr Risch Medical Laboratory, Vaduz, Liechtenstein, Central Laboratory, Kantonsspital Graubünden, Chur, Switzerland, Dr Risch Medical Laboratory, Buchs, Switzerland

Andjela Markovic

Contributed equally to this work with: Kirsten Grossmann, Martin Risch, Andjela Markovic

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Ava AG, Zürich, Switzerland, Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland, Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

Stefanie Aeschbacher

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Ornella C. Weideli

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Project administration, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Dr Risch Medical Laboratory, Vaduz, Liechtenstein, Soneva Fushi, Boduthakurufaanu Magu, Male, Maldives

Laura Velez

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Dr Risch Medical Laboratory, Vaduz, Liechtenstein

Marc Kovac

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Dr Risch Medical Laboratory, Buchs, Switzerland

Fiona Pereira

Roles Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Metabolism, Digestive Diseases and Reproduction, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom

Nadia Wohlwend

Roles Formal analysis, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Dr Risch Medical Laboratory, Buchs, Switzerland

Corina Risch

Roles Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Dr Risch Medical Laboratory, Buchs, Switzerland

Dorothea Hillmann

Roles Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Dr Risch Medical Laboratory, Buchs, Switzerland

Thomas Lung

Roles Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Dr Risch Medical Laboratory, Buchs, Switzerland

Harald Renz

Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany

Raphael Twerenbold

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, Department of Cardiology and University Center of Cardiovascular Science, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

Martina Rothenbühler

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Ava AG, Zürich, Switzerland

Daniel Leibovitz

Roles Data curation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Ava AG, Zürich, Switzerland

Vladimir Kovacevic

Roles Data curation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Ava AG, Zürich, Switzerland

Paul Klaver

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Julius Clinical, Zeist, The Netherlands

Timo B. Brakenhoff

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Julius Clinical, Zeist, The Netherlands

Billy Franks

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Julius Clinical, Zeist, The Netherlands

Marianna Mitratza

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands, Julius Global Health, the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands

George S. Downward

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands, Julius Global Health, the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Ariel Dowling

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Digital Clinical Devices, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Santiago Montes

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Roche Diagnostics Nederland B.V., Almere, The Netherlands

Duco Veen

Roles Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Methodology and Statistics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands, Optentia Research Programme, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa

Diederick E. Grobbee

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

‡ DEG, MC, DC, BMG and LR also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands, Julius Global Health, the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Maureen Cronin

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ DEG, MC, DC, BMG and LR also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Ava AG, Zürich, Switzerland

David Conen

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ DEG, MC, DC, BMG and LR also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada

Brianna M. Goodale

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ DEG, MC, DC, BMG and LR also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations Ava AG, Zürich, Switzerland, Julius Clinical, Zeist, The Netherlands

Lorenz Risch

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

lorenz.risch@ufli.li

‡ DEG, MC, DC, BMG and LR also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations Private University in the Principality of Liechtenstein (UFL), Triesen, Principality of Liechtenstein, Dr Risch Medical Laboratory, Vaduz, Liechtenstein, Dr Risch Medical Laboratory, Buchs, Switzerland, Center of Laboratory Medicine, University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland

on behalf of the COVID-19 remote early detection (COVID-RED) consortium

Full list of group members of the COVID-RED consortium is provided in the acknowledgments.

Competing Interests

The authors have read the journal’s policy and have the following competing interests: Lorenz Risch, and Martin Risch are key shareholders of the Dr Risch Medical Laboratory. David Conen has received consulting fees from Roche Diagnostics, outside of the current work. Andjela Markovic, Vladimir Kovacevic, Martina Rothenbühler, Brianna Goodale and Maureen Cronin are past employees of Ava AG. Brianna Goodale and Timo Brakenhoff are current employees of Julius Clinical BV. Billy Franks is a former employee of Julius Clinical BV and now an employee of Haleon. Paul Klaver and Duco Veen are former employees of Julius Clinical BV. Marianna Mitratza is a current employee of P95 CVBA. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products associated with this research to declare. These competing interests do not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.