About the Authors

Melanie Cousins

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft

melaniemcousins@gmail.com

Affiliation School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

E. Jane Parmley

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Amy L. Greer

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Elena Neiterman

Roles Conceptualization, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

Irene A. Lambraki

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

Tiscar Graells

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden, Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

Anaïs Léger

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Global Studies Institute, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

Patrik J. G. Henriksson

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden, Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden, WorldFish, Penang, Malaysia

Max Troell

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden, Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden

Didier Wernli

Roles Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Global Studies Institute, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

Peter Søgaard Jørgensen

Roles Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden, Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

Carolee A. Carson

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Foodborne Disease and Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Division, Centre for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Shannon E. Majowicz

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: EN, TG, and DW have no declarations of interest to report. MC and IAL work for the Public Health Agency of Canada. EJP is engaged in research funded by the Canadian Institutes for Health Research, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, the Public Health Agency of Canada, and the Canadian Safety and Security Program. She is currently President of the Board of Directors of the Centre for Coastal Health, president of the Canadian Association of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, member of the Board of Directors of the McEachran Institute, member of the Advisory Council for Research Directions: One Health, and a member of the Royal Society of Canada One Health Working Group. Prior to February 2019, she was employed by the Public Health Agency of Canada. ALG is engaged in research funded by the Canadian Institutes for Health Research, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, Agriculture Canada, and Canada First Research Excellence Fund. She has served as a consultant for the Ontario Secondary School Teachers Federation (OSSTF) and as an expert witness in legal proceedings related to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. She is currently a member of the Board of Directors for the NSERC Emerging Infectious Disease Modelling Network – OMNI network, and Advisory Board Member of the National Collaborating Centre for Infectious Diseases (NCCID). Prior to January 2014, she was employed by the Public Health Agency of Canada. PJGH is partially funded by FORMAS Inequality and the Biosphere Project (2020-00454) and partially by CGIAR Trust Fund. PJGH is a member of the Technical Committee for the BAP Vanguard Climate Action Standard and PJGH and MT act as scientific advisors to the Seafood Business for Ocean Stewardship (SeaBOS) initiative. PJGH was supported by the CGIAR Research Program on Fish Agri-Food Systems (FISH) led by WorldFish and on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) supported by contributors to the CGIAR Trust Fund. PJGH and MT acknowledge the Kjell and Märta Beijer Foundation for supporting this work through the Beijer Institute’s Aquaculture and Sustainable Seafood programme, and the SEAWIN project funded by FORMAS (2016-00227). PJGH is partially funded by FORMAS Inequality and the Biosphere project (2020-00454). AL works for the Swiss Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office. PSJ was also funded via an ERC starting grant: INFLUX, grant number 101039376. He holds/has held grants as principal or co-investigator, from the following agencies and foundations all related to the topics of social-ecological systems and/or AMR: Swedish Research Council FORMAS, Wallenberg Foundations, IKEA Foundation, Erling Persson Family Foundation. CAC works for Government of Canada at the Public Health Agency of Canada. In that role she has been a subject matter expert for the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) and the World Health Organization (WHO). She is a member of the advisory committee for Animal Health Canada. She has previously been engaged in research funded by the Canadian Institutes for Health Research, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, and the Canadian Safety and Security Program and has been a co-topic editor for two volumes of a Frontiers in Veterinary Science, Research Topic: Antimicrobial Usage in Companion and Food Animals: Methods, Surveys and Relationships with Antimicrobial Resistance in Animals and Humans. SEM is (or has been in the last 5 years) engaged in research grants/contracts funded by the Canadian Institutes for Health Research, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation/UK Dept., International Development, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail, Dairy Farmers of Canada Research Funding Program, the World Health Organization, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, and Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. She currently sits on the Editorial Boards of Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, and Epidemiology and Infection, and is a member of the World Health Organization’s Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group, and she has served as a paid expert on behalf of the Attorney General of Canada in legal proceedings, providing evidence on the public health risks and benefits of unpasteurized milk. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.