About the Authors

Justine Magnuson

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing – original draft

Affiliations Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America, Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, CA

Mehmet A. Ozdemir

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey

Elon Mathieson

Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America

Sofia Kirkman

Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America

Brice Passera

Roles Data curation, Methodology, Project administration

Affiliations Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America

Sumientra Rampersad

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, United States of America, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America

Alyssa B. Dufour

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America, Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew Senior Life, Boston, MA, United States of America

Dana Brooks

Roles Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America

Alvaro Pascual-Leone

Roles Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America, Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Deanne and Sidney Wolk Center for Memory Health, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, United States of America, Guttmann Brain Health Institute, Institut Guttmann de Neurorehabilitació, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain

Peter J. Fried

Roles Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America

Mouhsin M. Shafi

Contributed equally to this work with: Mouhsin M. Shafi, Recep A. Ozdemir

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

rozdemir@bidmc.harvard.edu (RAO); mshafi@bidmc.harvard.edu (MMS)

Affiliations Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America

Recep A. Ozdemir

Contributed equally to this work with: Mouhsin M. Shafi, Recep A. Ozdemir

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

rozdemir@bidmc.harvard.edu (RAO); mshafi@bidmc.harvard.edu (MMS)

Affiliations Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America

Competing Interests

A. Pascual-Leone is a co-founder of Linus Health and TI Solutions AG; serves on the scientific advisory boards for Starlab Neuroscience, Magstim Inc., Hearts Radiant, TetraNeuron and MedRhythms; and is listed as an inventor on several issued and pending patents on methods and applications for noninvasive brain stimulation, and the real-time integration of noninvasive brain stimulation with electroencephalography and magnetic resonance imaging (Patent Number: 6571123, Method and apparatus for recording an electroencephalogram during transcranial magnetic stimulation, Inventors: John R. Ives, Alvaro Pascual-Leone, Date of patent: May 27, 2003). None of these companies or interests influenced in any way the work reported and do not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.