About the Authors

Chulho Hyun

Contributed equally to this work with: Chulho Hyun, Mark M. Jensen, Kisuk Yang

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Katharos Labs LLC., Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Mark M. Jensen

Contributed equally to this work with: Chulho Hyun, Mark M. Jensen, Kisuk Yang

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Kisuk Yang

Contributed equally to this work with: Chulho Hyun, Mark M. Jensen, Kisuk Yang

Roles Data curation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Harvard–MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Proteomics Platform, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea, Research Center for Bio Materials & Process Development, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea

James C. Weaver

Roles Methodology, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Xiaohong Wang

Roles Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Radiology, Center for Ultrasound Research & Translation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Yoshimasa Kudo

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Steven J. Gordon

Roles Conceptualization

Affiliation Katharos Labs LLC., Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Anthony E. Samir

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

asamir@mgh.harvard.edu (AES); jmkarp@bwh.harvard.edu (JMK)

Affiliations Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Radiology, Center for Ultrasound Research & Translation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Jeffrey M. Karp

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

asamir@mgh.harvard.edu (AES); jmkarp@bwh.harvard.edu (JMK)

Affiliations Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Harvard–MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Proteomics Platform, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have read the journal’s policy and have the following competing interests. The UFM technology described herein has been optioned to Katharos Labs, a company in which Jeffrey M. Karp, Anthony E. Samir, Steven J. Gordon, and Chulho Hyun hold equity and are co-inventors on a patent describing the UFM technology. C.H. performed experiments with masks supplied by Katharos Labs and Katharos Labs supported the cost of the testing instruments. J.M.K. has been a paid consultant and an equity holder for multiple companies including Katharos Labs (listed here https://www.karplab.net/team/jeff-karp). The interests of J.M.K. were reviewed and are subject to a management plan overseen by his institution in accordance with its conflict of interest policies. A.E.S. has served as a compensated consultant for Astra Zeneca, Bracco Diagnostics, Bristol Myers Squibb, General Electric, Gerson Lehman Group, Guidepoint Global Advisors, Supersonic Imagine, Novartis, Pfizer, Philips, Parexel Informatics, and WorldCare Clinical. He holds stock options in Rhino Healthtech Inc. and Ochre Bio Inc. He holds advisory board or committee memberships for General Electric, the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, and the Sano Center for Computational Personalized Medicine, and is a member of the Board of Governors of the American Institute for Ultrasound in Medicine. His institution has received research grant support and/or equipment for projects that he has led from the Analogic Corporation, Canon, Echosens, General Electric, Hitachi, Philips, Siemens, Supersonic Imagine/Hologic, Toshiba Medical Systems, the US Department of Defense, Fujifilm Healthcare, the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Partners Healthcare, Toshiba Medical Systems, and Siemens Medical Systems. He holds equity in Avira Inc., Autonomus Medical Technologies, Inc., Evidence Based Psychology LLC, Klea LLC, Katharos Laboratories LLC, Quantix Bio LLC, and Sonoluminous LLC. A.E.S. receives royalties from Elsevier Inc. and Katharos Laboratories LLC. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. The authors would like to declare the following patents/patent applications associated with this research: WO2022051476A1.