About the Authors

Simone Lepage

Contributed equally to this work with: Simone Lepage, Declan Devane

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

s.lepage1@universityofgalway.ie

Affiliations Health Research Board–Trials Methodology Research Network (HRB-TMRN), University of Galway, Galway, Ireland, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland

Aislinn Conway

Roles Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Evidence Synthesis Ireland, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland

Noah Goodson

Roles Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Data & Analytics, Thread Research, Tustin, California, United States of America

Paul Wicks

Roles Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Wicks Digital Health, Lichfield, Staffordshire, United Kingdom

Laura Flight

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Piccadilly Plaza, Manchester, United Kingdom

Declan Devane

Contributed equally to this work with: Simone Lepage, Declan Devane

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Health Research Board–Trials Methodology Research Network (HRB-TMRN), University of Galway, Galway, Ireland, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland, Evidence Synthesis Ireland, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland, Cochrane Ireland, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland

Competing Interests

PW is an associate editor at the Journal of Medical Internet Research and is on the editorial advisory boards of The BMJ, BMC Medicine, The Patient, and Digital Biomarkers. PW is employed by Wicks Digital Health Ltd, which has received funding from Ada Health, AstraZeneca, Biogen, Bold Health, Camoni, Compass Pathways, Coronna, EIT, Endava, Happify, HealthUnlocked, Inbeeo, Kheiron Medical, Lindus Health, MedRhythms, PatientsLikeMe, Sano Genetics, Self Care Catalysts, The Learning Corp, The Wellcome Trust, THREAD Research, VeraSci, and Woebot. NG is an employee of THREAD, a decentralized platform provider. The remaining authors, AC, DD, LF, and SL have no conflicts of interest to report. The findings and conclusions in the document are those of the authors and not necessarily those of NICE. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.