About the Authors

Stephanie Popping

Contributed equally to this work with: Stephanie Popping, Lisbeth Versteegh

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

S.Popping@erasmusmc.nl

Affiliations Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

Lisbeth Versteegh

Contributed equally to this work with: Stephanie Popping, Lisbeth Versteegh

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

Brooke E. Nichols

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Global Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America, Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

David A. M. C. van de Vijver

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

Ard van Sighem

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Peter Reiss

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Global Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Suzanne Geerlings

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Charles A. B. Boucher

† Deceased.

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

Annelies Verbon

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands

on behalf of the ATHENA observational cohort

Membership of the ATHENA observational cohort is listed in the Acknowledgments.

Competing Interests

DvdV reports unrestricted research grant from Gilead Sciences, Merck Sharp & Dohm, ViiV and Janssen Pharmaceuticals. CAB reports personal fees from speaker honoraria from ViiV outside the submitted work; AvS reports grants from Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, during the conduct of the study; grants from European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, outside the submitted work. PR reports independent scientific grant support from Gilead Sciences, Merck Sharp & Dohm, and ViiV Healthcare through his institution; scientific advisory board participation for Gilead Sciences, ViiV Healthcare, Merck Sharp & Dohm., and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., for which his institution has received remuneration. SP, LV, BN, SG, AV have nothing to disclose. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. Data can be shared upon request to the corresponding author.