About the Authors

Christina Ludema

Contributed equally to this work with: Christina Ludema, Molly S. Rosenberg

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana

Molly S. Rosenberg

Contributed equally to this work with: Christina Ludema, Molly S. Rosenberg

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

rosenmol@indiana.edu

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana

Jonathan T. Macy

Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana

Sina Kianersi

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana

Maya Luetke

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana

Chen Chen

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana

Lilian Golzarri-Arroyo

Roles Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Biostatistics Consulting Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana

Erin Ables

Roles Formal analysis, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Biostatistics Consulting Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana

Kevin Maki

Roles Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana

David B. Allison

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana

Competing Interests

CL, MR, JT, SK, ML, CC, LGA, and EA have declared that no competing interests exist. We have read the journal’s policy and KM has the following competing interests: 1. Consulting regarding development of therapeutics for Covid-19 (not related to the current manuscript) and payments made to a private clinic in which I am a partner for conduct of a Covid treatment trials (not related to the current manuscript) 2. Payments made to a private clinic in which I am a partner for conduct of a vaccine trial (not related to the current manuscript) DBA has the following competing interests: 1. Personal payments or promises for same from: Alkermes, Inc.; Biofortis Innovation Services (Merieux NutriSciences); Kaleido Biosciences; Medpace/Gelesis; and Novo Nordisk Fonden. 2. DBA’s institution, Indiana University, and the Indiana University Foundation have received funds or donations to support his research or educational activities from: Dynamic Air Quality Solutions; Eli Lilly and Company; Pfizer; Reckitt Benckiser Group PLC; Soleno Therapeutics; United Arab Emirates Mission to the United Nations; and numerous other for-profit and nonprofit organizations to support the work of the School of Public Health and the university more broadly. This research was also supported by gifts from multiple anonymous philanthropic donors to the Indiana University Foundation. These competing interests do not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.