About the Authors

Ayako Shoji

Contributed equally to this work with: Ayako Shoji, Ataru Igarashi

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

mountain-ash795@nifty.com, a_shoji@medi-l.com

Affiliations Department of Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, Medilead, Inc., Tokyo, Japan

Kennichi Kudo

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

‡ KK, KM and SN also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Center of Healthy Aging Innovation, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan

Koichi Murashita

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

‡ KK, KM and SN also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Center of Healthy Aging Innovation, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan

Shigeyuki Nakaji

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

‡ KK, KM and SN also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations Center of Healthy Aging Innovation, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan, Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan

Ataru Igarashi

Contributed equally to this work with: Ayako Shoji, Ataru Igarashi

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan

Competing Interests

The potential competing interests of authors (if any) are otherwise summarized in the following sentences. AS is employee of Medilead Inc. KK is COE of Integrated Clinical Care Informatics, Inc. AI has received grants from Abbott Japan Inc., Abbvie G.K., Becton, Dickinson and Company, Creative-Ceuticals Inc., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Gilead Sciences K.K., Intuitive Surgical G.K., Milliman Inc., Pfizer Inc., Sanofi Pasteur Inc., and Terumo Corporation, and personal fees from Astellas Pharma Inc., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., CSL Behring Japan Inc., FUJIFILM Corporation, Sanofi K.K., and Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. outside the submitted work. These do not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.