About the Authors

Rachel F. Simpson

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

rs2056@cam.ac.uk

Affiliation MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Kathryn R. Hesketh

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom

Sarah R. Crozier

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre (University of Southampton), Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom, NIHR Applied Research Collaboration Wessex, Southampton, United Kingdom

Janis Baird

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre (University of Southampton), Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom

Cyrus Cooper

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre (University of Southampton), Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom

Keith M. Godfrey

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre (University of Southampton), Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom

Nicholas C. Harvey

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre (University of Southampton), Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom

Kate Westgate

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Hazel M. Inskip

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre (University of Southampton), Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom

Esther M. F. van Sluijs

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: CC received personal fees from Alliance for Better Bone Health, Amgen, Eli Lilly, GSK, Medtronic, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Servier, Takeda and UCB. KMG has received reimbursement for speaking at conferences sponsored by companies selling nutritional products, and is part of an academic consortium that has received research funding from Abbott Nutrition, Nestec, BenevolentAI Bio Ltd. and Danone. NCH has received consultancy, lecture fees and honoraria from Alliance for Better Bone Health, AMGEN, MSD, Eli Lilly, Servier, UCS, Shire, Consilient Healthcare, Kyowa Kirin and Internis Pharma. The remaining authors declare they have no competing interests. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.