About the Authors

Ying Li

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

shadowlee@snu.ac.kr (YL); hanglee@snu.ac.kr (HL); joshua.powell.19@ucl.ac.uk (JP)

Affiliations Tiger & Leopard Conservation Fund in Korea (KTLCF), Seoul, Republic of Korea, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea, College of Geography and Ocean Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, China

Joshua Powell

Roles Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

shadowlee@snu.ac.kr (YL); hanglee@snu.ac.kr (HL); joshua.powell.19@ucl.ac.uk (JP)

Affiliations Tiger & Leopard Conservation Fund in Korea (KTLCF), Seoul, Republic of Korea, Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom, Department of Geography, UCL, London, United Kingdom

Aifen Jin

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis

Affiliation College of Geography and Ocean Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, China

Hee Kyung Ryoo

Roles Investigation

Affiliation Sustainable Conservation Network, Yanji, Jilin, China

Hailong Li

Roles Data curation, Investigation

Affiliation College of Geography and Ocean Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, China

Puneet Pandey

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Tiger & Leopard Conservation Fund in Korea (KTLCF), Seoul, Republic of Korea, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Weihong Zhu

Roles Funding acquisition, Project administration, Resources

Affiliations College of Geography and Ocean Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory for Conservation Ecology in the Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park, Hunchun, Jilin, China

Dongwei Li

Roles Investigation

Affiliation Hunchun Forestry Department, Hunchun, Jilin, China

Hang Lee

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

shadowlee@snu.ac.kr (YL); hanglee@snu.ac.kr (HL); joshua.powell.19@ucl.ac.uk (JP)

Affiliations Tiger & Leopard Conservation Fund in Korea (KTLCF), Seoul, Republic of Korea, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Competing Interests

The funders for our research had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript and the authors declare no conflict of interest.