About the Authors

Chayce R. Baldwin

Contributed equally to this work with: Chayce R. Baldwin, Kyla Haimovitz

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

cbwin@umich.edu

Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Kyla Haimovitz

Contributed equally to this work with: Chayce R. Baldwin, Kyla Haimovitz

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Priya Shankar

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration

Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Robert Gallop

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Supervision

Affiliation Department of Mathematics, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, Pennsylvania, United States of America

David Yeager

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision

Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America

James J. Gross

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America

Angela L. Duckworth

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.