About the Authors

Junji Otaki

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

jotaki1958@gmail.com

Affiliations Center for Medical Education and International Relations, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan, Department of General Medicine and Primary Care, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Kikuko Taketomi

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Writing – review & editing

Current address: Fundamental Nursing, School of Nursing, Sapporo City University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan

Affiliation Center for Medical Education and International Relations, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan

Machiko Shibahara

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Current address: Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Affiliation Medical Education Center, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Yoko Watanabe

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Current address: College of Creative Studies, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan

Affiliation Chair of Lifelong Education, Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Shizuko Nagata-Kobayashi

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Current address: Department of Internal Medicine, Kyotohakuaikai Hospital, Kyoto, Japan

Affiliation Department of General Medicine and Primary Care, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Yoshimi Harada

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of General Medicine and Primary Care, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Hiroshi Mitoma

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medical Education, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: This research was supported by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 24390133) of the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.