About the Authors

Andrew G. Cheetham

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

andrew.cheetham@enthalpy.com

Affiliation Enthalpy Analytical, LLC, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America

Susan Plunkett

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Enthalpy Analytical, LLC, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America, Consilium Sciences, LLC, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America

Preston Campbell

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Consilium Sciences, LLC, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America

Jacob Hilldrup

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Enthalpy Analytical, LLC, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America

Bonnie G. Coffa

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Enthalpy Analytical, LLC, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America

Stan Gilliland III

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Resources, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Consilium Sciences, LLC, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America

Steve Eckard

Roles Conceptualization, Resources, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Enthalpy Analytical, LLC, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors are paid employees of their respective companies. Enthalpy Analytical, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Montrose Environmental Group, Inc., is an independent contract research laboratory with a focus on nicotine-containing products that provides analytical testing services for a wide range of clients, including tobacco manufacturers and government regulatory authorities. Consilium Sciences provides consulting services, offering scientific and regulatory solutions for materials science, nicotine, and cannabis organizations with a focus on potentially harm-reduced products.