About the Authors

Adam C. Powell

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft

powellad@healthhelp.com

Affiliation HealthHelp, Houston, TX, United States of America

Jason P. Goldstein

Roles Data curation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation HealthHelp, Houston, TX, United States of America

James W. Long

Roles Conceptualization, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Humana Inc., Louisville, KY, United States of America

Jeffrey D. Simmons

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Humana Inc., Louisville, KY, United States of America

Anthony DeFrance

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation HealthHelp, Houston, TX, United States of America

Competing Interests

AP, JG, and AD report an employment or consulting relationship with HealthHelp/WNS at the time the study was written. JL and JS report employment by Humana Inc. AP additionally reports employment by Payer+Provider Syndicate, and stock ownership of Berkshire Hathaway, JPMorgan Chase, Kroger, Payer+Provider Syndicate, Target, and Walmart. JG reports stock ownership of axialHealthcare.