About the Authors

Douglas Almond

Contributed equally to this work with: Douglas Almond, Xinming Du, Alana Vogel

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

da2152@columbia.edu

Affiliations Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, United States of America

Xinming Du

Contributed equally to this work with: Douglas Almond, Xinming Du, Alana Vogel

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America

Alana Vogel

Contributed equally to this work with: Douglas Almond, Xinming Du, Alana Vogel

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.