About the Authors

Akua Nuako

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States America

Jingxia Liu

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States America, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States America

Giang Pham

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States America

Nina Smock

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States America

Aimee James

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States America, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States America

Timothy Baker

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States America

Laura Bierut

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States America

Graham Colditz

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States America, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States America

Li-Shiun Chen

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

li-shiun@wustl.edu

Affiliations Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States America, Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States America

Competing Interests

The manuscript has been submitted solely to PloS ONE, has not been previously published, and is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere. One author is listed as an inventor on Issued US Patent 8,080,371 “Markers for Addiction” covering the use of certain single nucleotide polymorphisms in determining the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of addiction, and served as a consultant for the pharmaceutical company Pfizer Inc. (New York City, NY) in 2008. This patent does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. The authors have been personally and actively involved in substantive work leading to the manuscript and have approved final submission. All relevant ethical safeguards have been met regarding patient protection.