About the Authors

David A. Broniatowski

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

broniatowski@gwu.edu

Affiliations Department of Engineering Management and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America, Institute for Data, Democracy and Politics, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America

Daniel Kerchner

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation George Washington University Libraries, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America

Fouzia Farooq

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Software, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America

Xiaolei Huang

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Computer Science, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States of America

Amelia M. Jamison

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Current address: Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America

Affiliation Department of Family Science, Center for Health Equity, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States of America

Mark Dredze

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Computer Science, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America

Sandra Crouse Quinn

Roles Funding acquisition, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Family Science, Center for Health Equity, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States of America

John W. Ayers

Roles Methodology, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America

Competing Interests

David A. Broniatowski received an honorarium from the United Nations Shot@Life Foundation – a non-governmental organization that promotes childhood vaccination. Mark Dredze holds equity in Sickweather Inc. and has received consulting fees from Bloomberg LP and Good Analytics Inc. None of these organizations had any role in the study design, data collection, and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the article. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.