About the Authors

Rejoice Nkambule

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ RN and NMP are joint lead authors on this work.

Affiliation Ministry of Health, Mbabane, Eswatini

Neena M. Philip

Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

nmp6@cumc.columbia.edu

‡ RN and NMP are joint lead authors on this work.

Affiliation ICAP at Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States of America

Giles Reid

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation ICAP at Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States of America

Zandile Mnisi

† Deceased.

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Ministry of Health, Mbabane, Eswatini

Harriet Nuwagaba-Biribonwoha

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States of America, ICAP at Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, Mbabane, Eswatini

Tony T. Ao

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Eswatini, Mbabane, Eswatini

Choice Ginindza

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Central Statistics Office, Mbabane, Eswatini

Yen T. Duong

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation ICAP at Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States of America

Hetal Patel

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Division of Global HIV and TB, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Suzue Saito

Roles Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation ICAP at Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States of America

Chelsea Solmo

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation ICAP at Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States of America

Kristin Brown

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Division of Global HIV and TB, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Chiara S. Moore

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation PHI/CDC Global Health Fellowship Program, Oakland, CA, United States of America

Andrew C. Voetsch

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Division of Global HIV and TB, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

George Bicego

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Division of Global HIV and TB, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Naomi Bock

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Division of Global HIV and TB, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Fortune Mhlanga

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Central Statistics Office, Mbabane, Eswatini

Tengetile Dlamini

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Emergency Response Council on HIV/AIDS (NERCHA), Mbabane, Eswatini

Khanya Mabuza

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Emergency Response Council on HIV/AIDS (NERCHA), Mbabane, Eswatini

Amos Zwane

Roles Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Central Statistics Office, Mbabane, Eswatini

Ruben Sahabo

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation ICAP at Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, Mbabane, Eswatini

Trudy Dobbs

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Division of Global HIV and TB, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Bharat S. Parekh

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Division of Global HIV and TB, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Wafaa El-Sadr

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations ICAP at Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States of America

Caroline Ryan

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Eswatini, Mbabane, Eswatini

Jessica Justman

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations ICAP at Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States of America

Competing Interests

As an inventor of LAg-Avidity EIA, BSP receives royalties from the sale of test kits sold by the manufacturer per US government policy. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.