About the Authors

Shirley A. Onyango

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Zoological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya, Sub-Saharan Africa International Centre of Excellence for Malaria Research, Homa Bay, Kenya

Kevin O. Ochwedo

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Sub-Saharan Africa International Centre of Excellence for Malaria Research, Homa Bay, Kenya, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya

Maxwell G. Machani

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya

Collince J. Omondi

Roles Methodology

Affiliations Sub-Saharan Africa International Centre of Excellence for Malaria Research, Homa Bay, Kenya, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya

Isaiah Debrah

Roles Investigation, Methodology

Affiliations Sub-Saharan Africa International Centre of Excellence for Malaria Research, Homa Bay, Kenya, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana

Sidney O. Ogolla

Roles Project administration, Resources

Affiliation Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya

Ming-Chieh Lee

Roles Methodology, Software

Affiliation Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America

Guofa Zhou

Roles Methodology, Software

Affiliation Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America

Elizabeth Kokwaro

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Zoological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya

James W. Kazura

Roles Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Yaw A. Afrane

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana

Andrew K. Githeko

Roles Funding acquisition, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya

Daibin Zhong

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

dzhong@uci.edu (DZ); guiyuny@uci.edu (GY)

Affiliation Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America

Guiyun Yan

Roles Funding acquisition, Project administration, Resources, Writing – review & editing

dzhong@uci.edu (DZ); guiyuny@uci.edu (GY)

Affiliation Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America

Competing Interests

All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.