About the Authors

Adrian Treves

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

atreves@wisc.edu

Affiliation Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America

Naomi X. Louchouarn

Roles Funding acquisition, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors declare no financial competing interests. AT discloses the following non-financial, potential competing interests. Professional service to organizations or editorial boards Board of director (unpaid): President, Future Wildlife (2020), Board member Wildlife for All (Sep. 2021-present) Science advisor (unpaid): Project Coyote (2012–) Northeast Wolf Coalition (2014–) Endangered Species Coalition (2016–) Friends of the Wisconsin Wolf (2015–) Living with Wolves (2016–) Rocky Mountain Wolf Coalition (2018–2021) Earth and Animal Advocates (2019–) Benton County’s Agriculture and Wildlife Protection Program (2018–) Wild Earth Guardians (2020–) Member (unpaid): Union of Concerned Scientists (2015–), IUCN Bear Specialist Group task-force on human-bear conflicts (2012), IUCN Wolf specialist (2016–), Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility (2015–2019). Expert declarations (unpaid): Wi Federated Humane Societies et al. v Stepp. 2013. WI Court of Appeals District IV; WEG v Colorado Parks and Wildlife Commission et al. 2017. District Court, Denver Country, Colorado; Western Watersheds Project et al. v USDA Wildlife Services. 2018. U.S. District Court for the District of Idaho 1:17-cv-00206-BLW Doc 22-3; CBD & Cascadia Wildlands v WDFW 2018. Superior Court of Washington for Thurston County. 18-2-04130-34. CBD v WDFW et al. 2019. Superior Court of Washington for Thurston County, 18-2-02766-34. Huskin et al. v WDFW et al. 2019. Superior Court of Washington for King County 19-2-20227-1 SEA. Great Lakes Wildlife Alliance et al. v. Cole et al. Circuit Court Dane County, Wi 2021cv002103 Branch 9 Circuit Court Summons Dane County, WI, Case 2021CV002103 Document 5 Filed 08-31-2021 Paid service as external reviewer or speaker: Swiss-NSF SPARK (2019), Antioch University of New England (2018–2020), Landmark Foundation (2017), various publishers (2007–2017), U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (2019), French Ministry of Environment, Scientific Council on Wolves (208-present), Ministry of Environment, Alfred Toepfer Academy for Nature Conservation, Lower Saxony, Germany (2021-present), NABU, Germany (2015, 2021) This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.