About the Authors

Charlotte E. Searle

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

charlotte.searle@zoo.ox.ac.uk

Affiliations Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney, United Kingdom, Ruaha Carnivore Project, Iringa, Tanzania

Josephine B. Smit

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Southern Tanzania Elephant Program, Iringa, Tanzania, Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom

Jeremy J. Cusack

Roles Methodology, Software, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centro de Modelación y Monitoreo de Ecosistemas, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile

Paolo Strampelli

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney, United Kingdom, Ruaha Carnivore Project, Iringa, Tanzania

Ana Grau

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Ruaha Carnivore Project, Iringa, Tanzania

Lameck Mkuburo

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Southern Tanzania Elephant Program, Iringa, Tanzania, Tanzanian Elephant Foundation, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania

David W. Macdonald

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney, United Kingdom

Andrew J. Loveridge

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney, United Kingdom

Amy J. Dickman

Roles Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney, United Kingdom, Ruaha Carnivore Project, Iringa, Tanzania

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.