About the Authors

Niklas Bobrovitz

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

niklas.bobrovitz@mail.utoronto.ca

‡ NB and RKA contributed equally to this work and served as co-first authors. JP and MPC also contributed equally to this work and served as co-senior authors.

Affiliations Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Rahul Krishan Arora

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ NB and RKA contributed equally to this work and served as co-first authors. JP and MPC also contributed equally to this work and served as co-senior authors.

Affiliations Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Christian Cao

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Emily Boucher

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Michael Liu

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Claire Donnici

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Mercedes Yanes-Lane

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation COVID-19 Immunity Task Force, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Mairead Whelan

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Sara Perlman-Arrow

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Judy Chen

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Hannah Rahim

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Natasha Ilincic

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Mitchell Segal

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Nathan Duarte

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faculty of Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

Jordan Van Wyk

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faculty of Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

Tingting Yan

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Austin Atmaja

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Software, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faculty of Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

Simona Rocco

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Software, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faculty of Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

Abel Joseph

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Software, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faculty of Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

Lucas Penny

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

David A. Clifton

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Tyler Williamson

Roles Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Cedric P. Yansouni

Roles Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations JD MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Timothy Grant Evans

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Jonathan Chevrier

Roles Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Jesse Papenburg

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ NB and RKA contributed equally to this work and served as co-first authors. JP and MPC also contributed equally to this work and served as co-senior authors.

Affiliation Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Matthew P. Cheng

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ NB and RKA contributed equally to this work and served as co-first authors. JP and MPC also contributed equally to this work and served as co-senior authors.

Affiliation Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Competing Interests

MPC reports personal fees from Gen1E Lifesciences (as a member of the scientific advisory board) and personal fees from nplex biosciences (as a member of the scientific advisory board), both outside the submitted work. JP reports grants and personal fees from Seegene and AbbVie, grants from MedImmune and Sanofi Pasteur, outside the submitted work. RKA, NB, and TY report grants from the World Health Organization and the Canadian Medical Association for SARS-CoV-2 serosurveillance, both outside the submitted work. DAC reports personal fees from Biobeats (https://www.bio-beat.com/), and Sensyne Health during the conduct of the study. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products associated with this research to declare. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.