About the Authors

David R. Busch

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America, Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America

Wei Lin

Roles Methodology, Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America

Chia Chieh Goh

Roles Methodology, Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America

Feng Gao

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America

Nicholas Larson

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America

Joseph Wahl

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America

Thomas V. Bilfinger

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Surgery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America

Arjun G. Yodh

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Thomas F. Floyd

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

thomas.floyd@utsouthwestern.edu

Affiliations Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America, Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America

Competing Interests

Several authors have patents issued US20140343384 (AGY, TFF), US8,082,015 (AGY), US6,076,010 (AGY), US10,342,488 (AGY, DRB) or pending PCT/US2015/017286 (AGY, DRB) relative to DCS technologies. None of these patents are licensed or generate royalties. Dr. Floyd is the CEO and President of, and Drs. Floyd, Lin, and Busch hold equity interest in, NFOSYS, Inc. This company may license the technology used in this study. There is currently no license and no sales. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.