About the Authors

Oriol Aspachs

Contributed equally to this work with: Oriol Aspachs, Ruben Durante, Alberto Graziano, Josep Mestres, Marta Reynal-Querol, Jose G. Montalvo

Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Caixabank Research, Caixabank, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

Ruben Durante

Contributed equally to this work with: Oriol Aspachs, Ruben Durante, Alberto Graziano, Josep Mestres, Marta Reynal-Querol, Jose G. Montalvo

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Writing – original draft

Affiliations Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, ICREA, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, Institute for Political Economy and Governance (IPEG), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, Barcelona Graduate School of Economics (BGSE), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

Alberto Graziano

Contributed equally to this work with: Oriol Aspachs, Ruben Durante, Alberto Graziano, Josep Mestres, Marta Reynal-Querol, Jose G. Montalvo

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Software

Affiliation Caixabank Research, Caixabank, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

Josep Mestres

Contributed equally to this work with: Oriol Aspachs, Ruben Durante, Alberto Graziano, Josep Mestres, Marta Reynal-Querol, Jose G. Montalvo

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Software, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Caixabank Research, Caixabank, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

Marta Reynal-Querol

Contributed equally to this work with: Oriol Aspachs, Ruben Durante, Alberto Graziano, Josep Mestres, Marta Reynal-Querol, Jose G. Montalvo

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology

Affiliations Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, ICREA, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, Institute for Political Economy and Governance (IPEG), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, Barcelona Graduate School of Economics (BGSE), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

Jose G. Montalvo

Contributed equally to this work with: Oriol Aspachs, Ruben Durante, Alberto Graziano, Josep Mestres, Marta Reynal-Querol, Jose G. Montalvo

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Writing – original draft

jose.garcia-montalvo@upf.edu

Affiliations Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, Institute for Political Economy and Governance (IPEG), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, Barcelona Graduate School of Economics (BGSE), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

Competing Interests

OA, AG, and JM are employees of the Research Department of CaixaBank. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.