About the Authors

Sergio A. Silverio

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Sergio.Silverio@kcl.ac.uk

Affiliations Department of Women & Children’s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom, Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women’s Health, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom, Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Hilary Wallace

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Anaesthesia and Theatres Department, Aintree University Hospital, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom

William Gauntlett

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation The Jackson Rees Department of Anaesthesia, Alder Hey Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Richard Berwick

Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Anaesthesia and Theatres Department, Aintree University Hospital, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Pain Research Institute, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Simon Mercer

Roles Conceptualization, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Anaesthesia and Theatres Department, Aintree University Hospital, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Medical Education Department, Aintree University Hospital, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Ben Morton

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Critical Care Department, Aintree University Hospital, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi

Simon N. Rogers

Roles Conceptualization, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Aintree University Hospital, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Health Research Institute, Faculty of Health & Social Care, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom

John E. Sandars

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Health Research Institute, Faculty of Health & Social Care, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom

Peter Groom

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Anaesthesia and Theatres Department, Aintree University Hospital, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Jeremy M. Brown

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Health Research Institute, Faculty of Health & Social Care, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

Sergio A. Silverio (King’s College London) is supported by the National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration South London [NIHR ARC South London] at King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. The authors have declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.