About the Authors

Wei-Hsuan Lo-Ciganic

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America, Center for Drug Evaluation and Safety (CoDES), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America

Julie M. Donohue

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

jdonohue@pitt.edu

Affiliations Department of Health Policy and Management, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America, Center for Pharmaceutical Policy and Prescribing, Health Policy Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America

Eric G. Hulsey

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Vital Strategies, Overdose Prevention Program, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America, Allegheny County Department of Human Services, Office of Analytics, Technology and Planning, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America, Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America

Susan Barnes

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Health Policy and Management, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America, Center for Pharmaceutical Policy and Prescribing, Health Policy Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America

Yuan Li

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Allegheny County Department of Human Services, Office of Analytics, Technology and Planning, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America

Courtney C. Kuza

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Pharmaceutical Policy and Prescribing, Health Policy Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America

Qingnan Yang

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Pharmaceutical Policy and Prescribing, Health Policy Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America

Jeanine Buchanich

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America, Center for Occupational Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America

James L. Huang

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America, Center for Drug Evaluation and Safety (CoDES), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America

Christina Mair

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America

Debbie L. Wilson

Roles Project administration, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America

Walid F. Gellad

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Center for Pharmaceutical Policy and Prescribing, Health Policy Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America, Division of General Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America, Center for Health Equity Research Promotion, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.