About the Authors

Mark Stewart

Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ TCo-lead authors.

Affiliation Friends of Cancer Research, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America

Carla Rodriguez-Watson

Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ TCo-lead authors.

Affiliation Reagan-Udall Foundation for the FDA, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America

Adem Albayrak

Contributed equally to this work with: Adem Albayrak, Julius Asubonteng, Andrew Belli, Thomas Brown, Kelly Cho, Ritankar Das, Elizabeth Eldridge, Nicolle Gatto, Alice Gelman, Hanna Gerlovin, Stuart L. Goldberg, Eric Hansen, Jonathan Hirsch, Yuk-Lam Ho, Andrew Ip, Monika Izano, Jason Jones, Amy C. Justice, Reyna Klesh, Seth Kuranz, Carson Lam, Qingqing Mao, Samson Mataraso, Robertino Mera, Daniel C. Posner, Jeremy A. Rassen, Anna Siefkas, Andrew Schrag, Georgia Tourassi, Andrew Weckstein, Frank Wolf, Amar Bhat, Susan Winckler, Ellen V. Sigal

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Health Catalyst, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America

Julius Asubonteng

Contributed equally to this work with: Adem Albayrak, Julius Asubonteng, Andrew Belli, Thomas Brown, Kelly Cho, Ritankar Das, Elizabeth Eldridge, Nicolle Gatto, Alice Gelman, Hanna Gerlovin, Stuart L. Goldberg, Eric Hansen, Jonathan Hirsch, Yuk-Lam Ho, Andrew Ip, Monika Izano, Jason Jones, Amy C. Justice, Reyna Klesh, Seth Kuranz, Carson Lam, Qingqing Mao, Samson Mataraso, Robertino Mera, Daniel C. Posner, Jeremy A. Rassen, Anna Siefkas, Andrew Schrag, Georgia Tourassi, Andrew Weckstein, Frank Wolf, Amar Bhat, Susan Winckler, Ellen V. Sigal

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Gilead Science, Inc. Foster City, California, United States of America

Andrew Belli

Contributed equally to this work with: Adem Albayrak, Julius Asubonteng, Andrew Belli, Thomas Brown, Kelly Cho, Ritankar Das, Elizabeth Eldridge, Nicolle Gatto, Alice Gelman, Hanna Gerlovin, Stuart L. Goldberg, Eric Hansen, Jonathan Hirsch, Yuk-Lam Ho, Andrew Ip, Monika Izano, Jason Jones, Amy C. Justice, Reyna Klesh, Seth Kuranz, Carson Lam, Qingqing Mao, Samson Mataraso, Robertino Mera, Daniel C. Posner, Jeremy A. Rassen, Anna Siefkas, Andrew Schrag, Georgia Tourassi, Andrew Weckstein, Frank Wolf, Amar Bhat, Susan Winckler, Ellen V. Sigal

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation COTA, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Thomas Brown

Contributed equally to this work with: Adem Albayrak, Julius Asubonteng, Andrew Belli, Thomas Brown, Kelly Cho, Ritankar Das, Elizabeth Eldridge, Nicolle Gatto, Alice Gelman, Hanna Gerlovin, Stuart L. Goldberg, Eric Hansen, Jonathan Hirsch, Yuk-Lam Ho, Andrew Ip, Monika Izano, Jason Jones, Amy C. Justice, Reyna Klesh, Seth Kuranz, Carson Lam, Qingqing Mao, Samson Mataraso, Robertino Mera, Daniel C. Posner, Jeremy A. Rassen, Anna Siefkas, Andrew Schrag, Georgia Tourassi, Andrew Weckstein, Frank Wolf, Amar Bhat, Susan Winckler, Ellen V. Sigal

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Syapse, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Kelly Cho

Contributed equally to this work with: Adem Albayrak, Julius Asubonteng, Andrew Belli, Thomas Brown, Kelly Cho, Ritankar Das, Elizabeth Eldridge, Nicolle Gatto, Alice Gelman, Hanna Gerlovin, Stuart L. Goldberg, Eric Hansen, Jonathan Hirsch, Yuk-Lam Ho, Andrew Ip, Monika Izano, Jason Jones, Amy C. Justice, Reyna Klesh, Seth Kuranz, Carson Lam, Qingqing Mao, Samson Mataraso, Robertino Mera, Daniel C. Posner, Jeremy A. Rassen, Anna Siefkas, Andrew Schrag, Georgia Tourassi, Andrew Weckstein, Frank Wolf, Amar Bhat, Susan Winckler, Ellen V. Sigal

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Ritankar Das

Contributed equally to this work with: Adem Albayrak, Julius Asubonteng, Andrew Belli, Thomas Brown, Kelly Cho, Ritankar Das, Elizabeth Eldridge, Nicolle Gatto, Alice Gelman, Hanna Gerlovin, Stuart L. Goldberg, Eric Hansen, Jonathan Hirsch, Yuk-Lam Ho, Andrew Ip, Monika Izano, Jason Jones, Amy C. Justice, Reyna Klesh, Seth Kuranz, Carson Lam, Qingqing Mao, Samson Mataraso, Robertino Mera, Daniel C. Posner, Jeremy A. Rassen, Anna Siefkas, Andrew Schrag, Georgia Tourassi, Andrew Weckstein, Frank Wolf, Amar Bhat, Susan Winckler, Ellen V. Sigal

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Dascena, Oakland, California, United States of America

Elizabeth Eldridge

Contributed equally to this work with: Adem Albayrak, Julius Asubonteng, Andrew Belli, Thomas Brown, Kelly Cho, Ritankar Das, Elizabeth Eldridge, Nicolle Gatto, Alice Gelman, Hanna Gerlovin, Stuart L. Goldberg, Eric Hansen, Jonathan Hirsch, Yuk-Lam Ho, Andrew Ip, Monika Izano, Jason Jones, Amy C. Justice, Reyna Klesh, Seth Kuranz, Carson Lam, Qingqing Mao, Samson Mataraso, Robertino Mera, Daniel C. Posner, Jeremy A. Rassen, Anna Siefkas, Andrew Schrag, Georgia Tourassi, Andrew Weckstein, Frank Wolf, Amar Bhat, Susan Winckler, Ellen V. Sigal

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Health Catalyst, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America

Nicolle Gatto

Contributed equally to this work with: Adem Albayrak, Julius Asubonteng, Andrew Belli, Thomas Brown, Kelly Cho, Ritankar Das, Elizabeth Eldridge, Nicolle Gatto, Alice Gelman, Hanna Gerlovin, Stuart L. Goldberg, Eric Hansen, Jonathan Hirsch, Yuk-Lam Ho, Andrew Ip, Monika Izano, Jason Jones, Amy C. Justice, Reyna Klesh, Seth Kuranz, Carson Lam, Qingqing Mao, Samson Mataraso, Robertino Mera, Daniel C. Posner, Jeremy A. Rassen, Anna Siefkas, Andrew Schrag, Georgia Tourassi, Andrew Weckstein, Frank Wolf, Amar Bhat, Susan Winckler, Ellen V. Sigal

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Aetion, New York, New York, United States of America

Alice Gelman

Contributed equally to this work with: Adem Albayrak, Julius Asubonteng, Andrew Belli, Thomas Brown, Kelly Cho, Ritankar Das, Elizabeth Eldridge, Nicolle Gatto, Alice Gelman, Hanna Gerlovin, Stuart L. Goldberg, Eric Hansen, Jonathan Hirsch, Yuk-Lam Ho, Andrew Ip, Monika Izano, Jason Jones, Amy C. Justice, Reyna Klesh, Seth Kuranz, Carson Lam, Qingqing Mao, Samson Mataraso, Robertino Mera, Daniel C. Posner, Jeremy A. Rassen, Anna Siefkas, Andrew Schrag, Georgia Tourassi, Andrew Weckstein, Frank Wolf, Amar Bhat, Susan Winckler, Ellen V. Sigal

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Health Catalyst, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America

Hanna Gerlovin

Contributed equally to this work with: Adem Albayrak, Julius Asubonteng, Andrew Belli, Thomas Brown, Kelly Cho, Ritankar Das, Elizabeth Eldridge, Nicolle Gatto, Alice Gelman, Hanna Gerlovin, Stuart L. Goldberg, Eric Hansen, Jonathan Hirsch, Yuk-Lam Ho, Andrew Ip, Monika Izano, Jason Jones, Amy C. Justice, Reyna Klesh, Seth Kuranz, Carson Lam, Qingqing Mao, Samson Mataraso, Robertino Mera, Daniel C. Posner, Jeremy A. Rassen, Anna Siefkas, Andrew Schrag, Georgia Tourassi, Andrew Weckstein, Frank Wolf, Amar Bhat, Susan Winckler, Ellen V. Sigal

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Stuart L. Goldberg

Contributed equally to this work with: Adem Albayrak, Julius Asubonteng, Andrew Belli, Thomas Brown, Kelly Cho, Ritankar Das, Elizabeth Eldridge, Nicolle Gatto, Alice Gelman, Hanna Gerlovin, Stuart L. Goldberg, Eric Hansen, Jonathan Hirsch, Yuk-Lam Ho, Andrew Ip, Monika Izano, Jason Jones, Amy C. Justice, Reyna Klesh, Seth Kuranz, Carson Lam, Qingqing Mao, Samson Mataraso, Robertino Mera, Daniel C. Posner, Jeremy A. Rassen, Anna Siefkas, Andrew Schrag, Georgia Tourassi, Andrew Weckstein, Frank Wolf, Amar Bhat, Susan Winckler, Ellen V. Sigal

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Outcomes and Value Research, John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, United States of America

Eric Hansen

Contributed equally to this work with: Adem Albayrak, Julius Asubonteng, Andrew Belli, Thomas Brown, Kelly Cho, Ritankar Das, Elizabeth Eldridge, Nicolle Gatto, Alice Gelman, Hanna Gerlovin, Stuart L. Goldberg, Eric Hansen, Jonathan Hirsch, Yuk-Lam Ho, Andrew Ip, Monika Izano, Jason Jones, Amy C. Justice, Reyna Klesh, Seth Kuranz, Carson Lam, Qingqing Mao, Samson Mataraso, Robertino Mera, Daniel C. Posner, Jeremy A. Rassen, Anna Siefkas, Andrew Schrag, Georgia Tourassi, Andrew Weckstein, Frank Wolf, Amar Bhat, Susan Winckler, Ellen V. Sigal

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Validation

Affiliation COTA, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Jonathan Hirsch

Contributed equally to this work with: Adem Albayrak, Julius Asubonteng, Andrew Belli, Thomas Brown, Kelly Cho, Ritankar Das, Elizabeth Eldridge, Nicolle Gatto, Alice Gelman, Hanna Gerlovin, Stuart L. Goldberg, Eric Hansen, Jonathan Hirsch, Yuk-Lam Ho, Andrew Ip, Monika Izano, Jason Jones, Amy C. Justice, Reyna Klesh, Seth Kuranz, Carson Lam, Qingqing Mao, Samson Mataraso, Robertino Mera, Daniel C. Posner, Jeremy A. Rassen, Anna Siefkas, Andrew Schrag, Georgia Tourassi, Andrew Weckstein, Frank Wolf, Amar Bhat, Susan Winckler, Ellen V. Sigal

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Syapse, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Yuk-Lam Ho

Contributed equally to this work with: Adem Albayrak, Julius Asubonteng, Andrew Belli, Thomas Brown, Kelly Cho, Ritankar Das, Elizabeth Eldridge, Nicolle Gatto, Alice Gelman, Hanna Gerlovin, Stuart L. Goldberg, Eric Hansen, Jonathan Hirsch, Yuk-Lam Ho, Andrew Ip, Monika Izano, Jason Jones, Amy C. Justice, Reyna Klesh, Seth Kuranz, Carson Lam, Qingqing Mao, Samson Mataraso, Robertino Mera, Daniel C. Posner, Jeremy A. Rassen, Anna Siefkas, Andrew Schrag, Georgia Tourassi, Andrew Weckstein, Frank Wolf, Amar Bhat, Susan Winckler, Ellen V. Sigal

Roles Data curation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Andrew Ip

Contributed equally to this work with: Adem Albayrak, Julius Asubonteng, Andrew Belli, Thomas Brown, Kelly Cho, Ritankar Das, Elizabeth Eldridge, Nicolle Gatto, Alice Gelman, Hanna Gerlovin, Stuart L. Goldberg, Eric Hansen, Jonathan Hirsch, Yuk-Lam Ho, Andrew Ip, Monika Izano, Jason Jones, Amy C. Justice, Reyna Klesh, Seth Kuranz, Carson Lam, Qingqing Mao, Samson Mataraso, Robertino Mera, Daniel C. Posner, Jeremy A. Rassen, Anna Siefkas, Andrew Schrag, Georgia Tourassi, Andrew Weckstein, Frank Wolf, Amar Bhat, Susan Winckler, Ellen V. Sigal

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Outcomes and Value Research, John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, United States of America

Monika Izano

Contributed equally to this work with: Adem Albayrak, Julius Asubonteng, Andrew Belli, Thomas Brown, Kelly Cho, Ritankar Das, Elizabeth Eldridge, Nicolle Gatto, Alice Gelman, Hanna Gerlovin, Stuart L. Goldberg, Eric Hansen, Jonathan Hirsch, Yuk-Lam Ho, Andrew Ip, Monika Izano, Jason Jones, Amy C. Justice, Reyna Klesh, Seth Kuranz, Carson Lam, Qingqing Mao, Samson Mataraso, Robertino Mera, Daniel C. Posner, Jeremy A. Rassen, Anna Siefkas, Andrew Schrag, Georgia Tourassi, Andrew Weckstein, Frank Wolf, Amar Bhat, Susan Winckler, Ellen V. Sigal

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Syapse, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Jason Jones

Contributed equally to this work with: Adem Albayrak, Julius Asubonteng, Andrew Belli, Thomas Brown, Kelly Cho, Ritankar Das, Elizabeth Eldridge, Nicolle Gatto, Alice Gelman, Hanna Gerlovin, Stuart L. Goldberg, Eric Hansen, Jonathan Hirsch, Yuk-Lam Ho, Andrew Ip, Monika Izano, Jason Jones, Amy C. Justice, Reyna Klesh, Seth Kuranz, Carson Lam, Qingqing Mao, Samson Mataraso, Robertino Mera, Daniel C. Posner, Jeremy A. Rassen, Anna Siefkas, Andrew Schrag, Georgia Tourassi, Andrew Weckstein, Frank Wolf, Amar Bhat, Susan Winckler, Ellen V. Sigal

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Health Catalyst, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America

Amy C. Justice

Contributed equally to this work with: Adem Albayrak, Julius Asubonteng, Andrew Belli, Thomas Brown, Kelly Cho, Ritankar Das, Elizabeth Eldridge, Nicolle Gatto, Alice Gelman, Hanna Gerlovin, Stuart L. Goldberg, Eric Hansen, Jonathan Hirsch, Yuk-Lam Ho, Andrew Ip, Monika Izano, Jason Jones, Amy C. Justice, Reyna Klesh, Seth Kuranz, Carson Lam, Qingqing Mao, Samson Mataraso, Robertino Mera, Daniel C. Posner, Jeremy A. Rassen, Anna Siefkas, Andrew Schrag, Georgia Tourassi, Andrew Weckstein, Frank Wolf, Amar Bhat, Susan Winckler, Ellen V. Sigal

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Yale University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Reyna Klesh

Contributed equally to this work with: Adem Albayrak, Julius Asubonteng, Andrew Belli, Thomas Brown, Kelly Cho, Ritankar Das, Elizabeth Eldridge, Nicolle Gatto, Alice Gelman, Hanna Gerlovin, Stuart L. Goldberg, Eric Hansen, Jonathan Hirsch, Yuk-Lam Ho, Andrew Ip, Monika Izano, Jason Jones, Amy C. Justice, Reyna Klesh, Seth Kuranz, Carson Lam, Qingqing Mao, Samson Mataraso, Robertino Mera, Daniel C. Posner, Jeremy A. Rassen, Anna Siefkas, Andrew Schrag, Georgia Tourassi, Andrew Weckstein, Frank Wolf, Amar Bhat, Susan Winckler, Ellen V. Sigal

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation HealthVerity, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Seth Kuranz

Contributed equally to this work with: Adem Albayrak, Julius Asubonteng, Andrew Belli, Thomas Brown, Kelly Cho, Ritankar Das, Elizabeth Eldridge, Nicolle Gatto, Alice Gelman, Hanna Gerlovin, Stuart L. Goldberg, Eric Hansen, Jonathan Hirsch, Yuk-Lam Ho, Andrew Ip, Monika Izano, Jason Jones, Amy C. Justice, Reyna Klesh, Seth Kuranz, Carson Lam, Qingqing Mao, Samson Mataraso, Robertino Mera, Daniel C. Posner, Jeremy A. Rassen, Anna Siefkas, Andrew Schrag, Georgia Tourassi, Andrew Weckstein, Frank Wolf, Amar Bhat, Susan Winckler, Ellen V. Sigal

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Project administration, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation TriNetX, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Carson Lam

Contributed equally to this work with: Adem Albayrak, Julius Asubonteng, Andrew Belli, Thomas Brown, Kelly Cho, Ritankar Das, Elizabeth Eldridge, Nicolle Gatto, Alice Gelman, Hanna Gerlovin, Stuart L. Goldberg, Eric Hansen, Jonathan Hirsch, Yuk-Lam Ho, Andrew Ip, Monika Izano, Jason Jones, Amy C. Justice, Reyna Klesh, Seth Kuranz, Carson Lam, Qingqing Mao, Samson Mataraso, Robertino Mera, Daniel C. Posner, Jeremy A. Rassen, Anna Siefkas, Andrew Schrag, Georgia Tourassi, Andrew Weckstein, Frank Wolf, Amar Bhat, Susan Winckler, Ellen V. Sigal

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Dascena, Oakland, California, United States of America

Qingqing Mao

Contributed equally to this work with: Adem Albayrak, Julius Asubonteng, Andrew Belli, Thomas Brown, Kelly Cho, Ritankar Das, Elizabeth Eldridge, Nicolle Gatto, Alice Gelman, Hanna Gerlovin, Stuart L. Goldberg, Eric Hansen, Jonathan Hirsch, Yuk-Lam Ho, Andrew Ip, Monika Izano, Jason Jones, Amy C. Justice, Reyna Klesh, Seth Kuranz, Carson Lam, Qingqing Mao, Samson Mataraso, Robertino Mera, Daniel C. Posner, Jeremy A. Rassen, Anna Siefkas, Andrew Schrag, Georgia Tourassi, Andrew Weckstein, Frank Wolf, Amar Bhat, Susan Winckler, Ellen V. Sigal

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Dascena, Oakland, California, United States of America

Samson Mataraso

Contributed equally to this work with: Adem Albayrak, Julius Asubonteng, Andrew Belli, Thomas Brown, Kelly Cho, Ritankar Das, Elizabeth Eldridge, Nicolle Gatto, Alice Gelman, Hanna Gerlovin, Stuart L. Goldberg, Eric Hansen, Jonathan Hirsch, Yuk-Lam Ho, Andrew Ip, Monika Izano, Jason Jones, Amy C. Justice, Reyna Klesh, Seth Kuranz, Carson Lam, Qingqing Mao, Samson Mataraso, Robertino Mera, Daniel C. Posner, Jeremy A. Rassen, Anna Siefkas, Andrew Schrag, Georgia Tourassi, Andrew Weckstein, Frank Wolf, Amar Bhat, Susan Winckler, Ellen V. Sigal

Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Dascena, Oakland, California, United States of America

Robertino Mera

Contributed equally to this work with: Adem Albayrak, Julius Asubonteng, Andrew Belli, Thomas Brown, Kelly Cho, Ritankar Das, Elizabeth Eldridge, Nicolle Gatto, Alice Gelman, Hanna Gerlovin, Stuart L. Goldberg, Eric Hansen, Jonathan Hirsch, Yuk-Lam Ho, Andrew Ip, Monika Izano, Jason Jones, Amy C. Justice, Reyna Klesh, Seth Kuranz, Carson Lam, Qingqing Mao, Samson Mataraso, Robertino Mera, Daniel C. Posner, Jeremy A. Rassen, Anna Siefkas, Andrew Schrag, Georgia Tourassi, Andrew Weckstein, Frank Wolf, Amar Bhat, Susan Winckler, Ellen V. Sigal

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Supervision

Affiliation Gilead Science, Inc. Foster City, California, United States of America

Daniel C. Posner

Contributed equally to this work with: Adem Albayrak, Julius Asubonteng, Andrew Belli, Thomas Brown, Kelly Cho, Ritankar Das, Elizabeth Eldridge, Nicolle Gatto, Alice Gelman, Hanna Gerlovin, Stuart L. Goldberg, Eric Hansen, Jonathan Hirsch, Yuk-Lam Ho, Andrew Ip, Monika Izano, Jason Jones, Amy C. Justice, Reyna Klesh, Seth Kuranz, Carson Lam, Qingqing Mao, Samson Mataraso, Robertino Mera, Daniel C. Posner, Jeremy A. Rassen, Anna Siefkas, Andrew Schrag, Georgia Tourassi, Andrew Weckstein, Frank Wolf, Amar Bhat, Susan Winckler, Ellen V. Sigal

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software

Affiliation Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Jeremy A. Rassen

Contributed equally to this work with: Adem Albayrak, Julius Asubonteng, Andrew Belli, Thomas Brown, Kelly Cho, Ritankar Das, Elizabeth Eldridge, Nicolle Gatto, Alice Gelman, Hanna Gerlovin, Stuart L. Goldberg, Eric Hansen, Jonathan Hirsch, Yuk-Lam Ho, Andrew Ip, Monika Izano, Jason Jones, Amy C. Justice, Reyna Klesh, Seth Kuranz, Carson Lam, Qingqing Mao, Samson Mataraso, Robertino Mera, Daniel C. Posner, Jeremy A. Rassen, Anna Siefkas, Andrew Schrag, Georgia Tourassi, Andrew Weckstein, Frank Wolf, Amar Bhat, Susan Winckler, Ellen V. Sigal

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software

Affiliation Aetion, New York, New York, United States of America

Anna Siefkas

Contributed equally to this work with: Adem Albayrak, Julius Asubonteng, Andrew Belli, Thomas Brown, Kelly Cho, Ritankar Das, Elizabeth Eldridge, Nicolle Gatto, Alice Gelman, Hanna Gerlovin, Stuart L. Goldberg, Eric Hansen, Jonathan Hirsch, Yuk-Lam Ho, Andrew Ip, Monika Izano, Jason Jones, Amy C. Justice, Reyna Klesh, Seth Kuranz, Carson Lam, Qingqing Mao, Samson Mataraso, Robertino Mera, Daniel C. Posner, Jeremy A. Rassen, Anna Siefkas, Andrew Schrag, Georgia Tourassi, Andrew Weckstein, Frank Wolf, Amar Bhat, Susan Winckler, Ellen V. Sigal

Roles Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Dascena, Oakland, California, United States of America

Andrew Schrag

Contributed equally to this work with: Adem Albayrak, Julius Asubonteng, Andrew Belli, Thomas Brown, Kelly Cho, Ritankar Das, Elizabeth Eldridge, Nicolle Gatto, Alice Gelman, Hanna Gerlovin, Stuart L. Goldberg, Eric Hansen, Jonathan Hirsch, Yuk-Lam Ho, Andrew Ip, Monika Izano, Jason Jones, Amy C. Justice, Reyna Klesh, Seth Kuranz, Carson Lam, Qingqing Mao, Samson Mataraso, Robertino Mera, Daniel C. Posner, Jeremy A. Rassen, Anna Siefkas, Andrew Schrag, Georgia Tourassi, Andrew Weckstein, Frank Wolf, Amar Bhat, Susan Winckler, Ellen V. Sigal

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Software, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Syapse, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Georgia Tourassi

Contributed equally to this work with: Adem Albayrak, Julius Asubonteng, Andrew Belli, Thomas Brown, Kelly Cho, Ritankar Das, Elizabeth Eldridge, Nicolle Gatto, Alice Gelman, Hanna Gerlovin, Stuart L. Goldberg, Eric Hansen, Jonathan Hirsch, Yuk-Lam Ho, Andrew Ip, Monika Izano, Jason Jones, Amy C. Justice, Reyna Klesh, Seth Kuranz, Carson Lam, Qingqing Mao, Samson Mataraso, Robertino Mera, Daniel C. Posner, Jeremy A. Rassen, Anna Siefkas, Andrew Schrag, Georgia Tourassi, Andrew Weckstein, Frank Wolf, Amar Bhat, Susan Winckler, Ellen V. Sigal

Roles Resources

Affiliation National Center for Computational Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America

Andrew Weckstein

Contributed equally to this work with: Adem Albayrak, Julius Asubonteng, Andrew Belli, Thomas Brown, Kelly Cho, Ritankar Das, Elizabeth Eldridge, Nicolle Gatto, Alice Gelman, Hanna Gerlovin, Stuart L. Goldberg, Eric Hansen, Jonathan Hirsch, Yuk-Lam Ho, Andrew Ip, Monika Izano, Jason Jones, Amy C. Justice, Reyna Klesh, Seth Kuranz, Carson Lam, Qingqing Mao, Samson Mataraso, Robertino Mera, Daniel C. Posner, Jeremy A. Rassen, Anna Siefkas, Andrew Schrag, Georgia Tourassi, Andrew Weckstein, Frank Wolf, Amar Bhat, Susan Winckler, Ellen V. Sigal

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Aetion, New York, New York, United States of America

Frank Wolf

Contributed equally to this work with: Adem Albayrak, Julius Asubonteng, Andrew Belli, Thomas Brown, Kelly Cho, Ritankar Das, Elizabeth Eldridge, Nicolle Gatto, Alice Gelman, Hanna Gerlovin, Stuart L. Goldberg, Eric Hansen, Jonathan Hirsch, Yuk-Lam Ho, Andrew Ip, Monika Izano, Jason Jones, Amy C. Justice, Reyna Klesh, Seth Kuranz, Carson Lam, Qingqing Mao, Samson Mataraso, Robertino Mera, Daniel C. Posner, Jeremy A. Rassen, Anna Siefkas, Andrew Schrag, Georgia Tourassi, Andrew Weckstein, Frank Wolf, Amar Bhat, Susan Winckler, Ellen V. Sigal

Roles Methodology, Project administration, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Syapse, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Amar Bhat

Contributed equally to this work with: Adem Albayrak, Julius Asubonteng, Andrew Belli, Thomas Brown, Kelly Cho, Ritankar Das, Elizabeth Eldridge, Nicolle Gatto, Alice Gelman, Hanna Gerlovin, Stuart L. Goldberg, Eric Hansen, Jonathan Hirsch, Yuk-Lam Ho, Andrew Ip, Monika Izano, Jason Jones, Amy C. Justice, Reyna Klesh, Seth Kuranz, Carson Lam, Qingqing Mao, Samson Mataraso, Robertino Mera, Daniel C. Posner, Jeremy A. Rassen, Anna Siefkas, Andrew Schrag, Georgia Tourassi, Andrew Weckstein, Frank Wolf, Amar Bhat, Susan Winckler, Ellen V. Sigal

Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Supervision

Affiliation Reagan-Udall Foundation for the FDA, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America

Susan Winckler

Contributed equally to this work with: Adem Albayrak, Julius Asubonteng, Andrew Belli, Thomas Brown, Kelly Cho, Ritankar Das, Elizabeth Eldridge, Nicolle Gatto, Alice Gelman, Hanna Gerlovin, Stuart L. Goldberg, Eric Hansen, Jonathan Hirsch, Yuk-Lam Ho, Andrew Ip, Monika Izano, Jason Jones, Amy C. Justice, Reyna Klesh, Seth Kuranz, Carson Lam, Qingqing Mao, Samson Mataraso, Robertino Mera, Daniel C. Posner, Jeremy A. Rassen, Anna Siefkas, Andrew Schrag, Georgia Tourassi, Andrew Weckstein, Frank Wolf, Amar Bhat, Susan Winckler, Ellen V. Sigal

Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Supervision

Affiliation Reagan-Udall Foundation for the FDA, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America

Ellen V. Sigal

Contributed equally to this work with: Adem Albayrak, Julius Asubonteng, Andrew Belli, Thomas Brown, Kelly Cho, Ritankar Das, Elizabeth Eldridge, Nicolle Gatto, Alice Gelman, Hanna Gerlovin, Stuart L. Goldberg, Eric Hansen, Jonathan Hirsch, Yuk-Lam Ho, Andrew Ip, Monika Izano, Jason Jones, Amy C. Justice, Reyna Klesh, Seth Kuranz, Carson Lam, Qingqing Mao, Samson Mataraso, Robertino Mera, Daniel C. Posner, Jeremy A. Rassen, Anna Siefkas, Andrew Schrag, Georgia Tourassi, Andrew Weckstein, Frank Wolf, Amar Bhat, Susan Winckler, Ellen V. Sigal

Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Supervision

Affiliations Friends of Cancer Research, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America, Reagan-Udall Foundation for the FDA, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America

Jeff Allen

Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

jallen@focr.org

Affiliation Friends of Cancer Research, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: AA is a paid employee and stockholder at Health Catalyst. JA is a paid employee and stockholder at Gilead Sciences. AB is a paid employee of COTA, Inc with ownership interest (equity). TB is a paid employee of Sypase. NG is a paid employee and shareholder of Aetion, Inc. SG has equity ownership with COTA, Inc. EH is a paid employee by COTA, Inc. with ownership interest (equity). JH is Founder and President of Syapse with pharmaceutical company funders including Roche, Amgen, Merck & Co. (Syapse employees engaged in design, collection, analysis, interpretation, writing, and the decision to submit for publication). JH also reported being an advisor for Freenome. MI is a paid employee of Syapse. SK is a paid employee of TriNetX, LLC. RM is a paid employee and shareholder of Gilead Sciences. JR is a paid employee of and shareholder in Aetion, Inc., a company that makes software for the analysis of real-world data. AW is an employee and shareholder of Aetion, Inc., a company that makes software for the analysis of real-world data. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS One policies on sharing data and material. There are no patents, products in development, or marketed products associated with this research to declare.