About the Authors

Catherine G. Derington

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

catherine.derington@utah.edu

Affiliation Department of Population Health Sciences, Division of Health System Innovation and Research, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America

Jordana B. Cohen

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America

April F. Mohanty

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America

Tom H. Greene

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Population Health Sciences, Division of Health System Innovation and Research, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America

James Cook

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America

Jian Ying

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Population Health Sciences, Division of Health System Innovation and Research, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America, George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America

Guo Wei

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America

Jennifer S. Herrick

Roles Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Population Health Sciences, Division of Health System Innovation and Research, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America, George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America

Vanessa W. Stevens

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Population Health Sciences, Division of Health System Innovation and Research, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America, George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America

Barbara E. Jones

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America

Libo Wang

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America

Alexander R. Zheutlin

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America

Andrew M. South

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nephrology, Brenner Children’s Hospital, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States of America, Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States of America

Thomas C. Hanff

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America

Steven M. Smith

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL, United States of America

Rhonda M. Cooper-DeHoff

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL, United States of America, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States of America

Jordan B. King

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Population Health Sciences, Division of Health System Innovation and Research, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America, Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America

G. Caleb Alexander

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD

Dan R. Berlowitz

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Public Health; University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States of America, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, United States of America

Faraz S. Ahmad

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America

M. Jason Penrod

Roles Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America

Rachel Hess

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Population Health Sciences, Division of Health System Innovation and Research, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America

Molly B. Conroy

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Population Health Sciences, Division of Health System Innovation and Research, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America

James C. Fang

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America

Michael A. Rubin

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America

Srinivasan Beddhu

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America

Alfred K. Cheung

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America

Weiming Xian

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, United States of America, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America

William S. Weintraub

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, United States of America

Adam P. Bress

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Population Health Sciences, Division of Health System Innovation and Research, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America, George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have read the journal’s policy, and the authors of the study have the following competing interests to declare: APB receives research grant funding to his institution from Amarin and Amgen Inc, unrelated to the current manuscript. GCA is past Chair and current member of FDA’s Peripheral and Central Nervous System Advisory Committee; has served as a paid advisor to IQVIA; is a co-founding Principal and equity holder in Monument Analytics, a health care consultancy whose clients include the life sciences industry as well as plaintiffs in opioid litigation; and is a past member of OptumRx’s National P&T Committee. This arrangement has been reviewed and approved by Johns Hopkins University in accordance with its conflict of interest policies. JCF serves on Data and Safety Monitoring Boards (DSMBs) for Novartis, Amgen, AstraZeneca and Boehringer-Ingelheim. The views expressed are of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views or opinions of the US Government or the US Department of Veterans Affairs. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products associated with this research to declare.