About the Authors

Dimitris K. Agrafiotis

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

dimitris.agrafiotis@gmail.com (DKA); hikrebs@mit.edu (HIK)

Affiliations Janssen Research & Development, Titusville, New Jersey, United States of America, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Eric Yang

Roles Formal analysis

Affiliations Janssen Research & Development, Titusville, New Jersey, United States of America, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Gary S. Littman

Roles Formal analysis

Affiliation GSL Statistical Consulting, Ardmore, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Geert Byttebier

Roles Formal analysis

Affiliation Bioconstat Bvba, Gent, Belgium

Laura Dipietro

Roles Methodology

Affiliation Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Allitia DiBernardo

Roles Supervision

Affiliation Janssen Research & Development, Titusville, New Jersey, United States of America

Juan C. Chavez

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision

Affiliation Biogen-Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Avrielle Rykman

Roles Investigation

Affiliation Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, New York, United States of America

Kate McArthur

Roles Investigation

Affiliation Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Karim Hajjar

Roles Investigation

Affiliations Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom, Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Kennedy R. Lees

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision

Affiliation Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Bruce T. Volpe

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision

Affiliation Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America

Michael Krams

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision

Affiliation Janssen Research & Development, Titusville, New Jersey, United States of America

Hermano I. Krebs

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

dimitris.agrafiotis@gmail.com (DKA); hikrebs@mit.edu (HIK)

Affiliation Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: AD and MK are employed by Janssen Research & Development, DA and EY were employed by Janssen Research & Development when this work was conducted and are currently employed by Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, GL is employed by GSL Statistical Consulting, GB is employed by Bioconstat Bvba, and JC is employed by Biogen-Idec. Wyeth provided grant funding for the study to HIK. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. HIK was also the founder of Interactive Motion Technologies and Chairman of the Board from 1998 to 2016. He sold Interactive Motion Technologies on April 2016 to Bionik Laboratories, where he served as Chief Science Officer and Board Member until July 2017. HIK holds equity positions in Interactive Motion Technologies, Watertown, MA, USA, the company that manufactures this type of technology under license from MIT. HIK was the founder of 4Motion Robotics. The authors would like to declare the following patents/patent applications associated with this research: HIK is a co-inventor in patents held by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for the robotic technology used in this work (US Patent 7,618,381, US Patent 5,466,213, and US Patent App. 11/154,197).