About the Authors

Arnold S. Mmbando

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

ammbando@ihi.or.tz

Affiliation Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania

Emmanuel W. Kaindoa

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Republic of South Africa

Halfan S. Ngowo

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Johnson K. Swai

Roles Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania

Nancy S. Matowo

Roles Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Masoud Kilalangongono

Roles Methodology, Supervision

Affiliation Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania

Godfrey P. Lingamba

† Deceased.

Roles Methodology, Supervision

Affiliation Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania

Joseph P. Mgando

Roles Methodology, Supervision

Affiliation Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania

Isaac H. Namango

Roles Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Fredros O. Okumu

Contributed equally to this work with: Fredros O. Okumu, Luca Nelli

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Republic of South Africa, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom, School of Life Science and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science & Technology, Arusha, Tanzania

Luca Nelli

Contributed equally to this work with: Fredros O. Okumu, Luca Nelli

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.