About the Authors

William P. King

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

wpk@illinois.edu

Affiliations Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Jennifer Amos

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Validation

Affiliations Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Magdi Azer

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization

Affiliation Applied Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Daniel Baker

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation Fast Radius, Chicago, IL, United States of America

Rashid Bashir

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration

Affiliations Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Catherine Best

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Eliot Bethke

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft

Affiliations Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Stephen A. Boppart

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology

Affiliations Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Elisabeth Bralts

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Siebel Center for Design, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Ryan M. Corey

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Rachael Dietkus

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Siebel Center for Design, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Gary Durack

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision

Affiliation Tekmill, Champaign, IL, United States of America

Stefan Elbel

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft

Affiliations Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America, Creative Thermal Solutions, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Greg Elliott

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Jake Fava

Roles Investigation

Affiliation Siebel Center for Design, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Nigel Goldenfeld

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Molly H. Goldstein

Roles Investigation

Affiliation Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Courtney Hayes

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Nicole Herndon

Roles Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Shandra Jamison

Roles Investigation

Affiliation Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Blake Johnson

Roles Investigation

Affiliation Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Harley Johnson

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision

Affiliation Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Mark Johnson

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision

Affiliations Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, United States of America

John Kolaczynski

Roles Investigation, Visualization, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Fast Radius, Chicago, IL, United States of America

Tonghun Lee

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Sergei Maslov

Roles Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Davis J. McGregor

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Derek Milner

Roles Investigation

Affiliation Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Ralf Moller

Roles Investigation

Affiliation Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Jonathan Mosley

Roles Investigation

Affiliation College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Andy Musser

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Creative Thermal Solutions, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Max Newberger

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation

Affiliation Fast Radius, Chicago, IL, United States of America

David Null

Roles Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Lucas O’Bryan

Roles Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation Siebel Center for Design, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Michael Oelze

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision

Affiliation Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Jerry O’Leary

Roles Investigation

Affiliation Fast Radius, Chicago, IL, United States of America

Alex Pagano

Roles Investigation

Affiliations Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America, Siebel Center for Design, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Michael Philpott

Roles Investigation

Affiliation Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Brian Pianfetti

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision

Affiliation Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Alex Pille

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation

Affiliation Fast Radius, Chicago, IL, United States of America

Luca Pizzuto

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation

Affiliation Fast Radius, Chicago, IL, United States of America

Brian Ricconi

Roles Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation Creative Thermal Solutions, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Marcello Rubessa

Roles Investigation

Affiliation College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Sam Rylowicz

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation

Affiliation Fast Radius, Chicago, IL, United States of America

Clifford Shipley

Roles Investigation

Affiliation College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Andrew C. Singer

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Brian Stewart

Roles Investigation

Affiliation Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Rachel Switzky

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision

Affiliation Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Sameh Tawfick

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Matthew Wheeler

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft

Affiliation College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Karen White

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision

Affiliations Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Evan M. Widloski

Roles Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Eric Wood

Roles Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Charles Wood

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Supervision

Affiliation Fast Radius, Chicago, IL, United States of America

Abigail R. Wooldridge

Roles Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America

Competing Interests

The study was funded by University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and by Carle Foundation Hospital. GD is principal at Tekmill Inc., which worked on the project at the direction of and under contract to the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. SE, AM, and BR are employees of Creative Thermal Solutions Inc., which worked on the project at the direction of and under contract to the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. DB, MN, JO, SR, and CW are employees at Fast Radius Inc., which worked on the project at the direction of and under contract to the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. WPK is Professor at University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and Chief Scientist at Fast Radius Inc., which manufactured prototypes used in this study. WPK performed the work in as an employee at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and received no compensation from Fast Radius. This project was conducted in accordance with conflict of management policies at both organizations. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. There are no other patents, products in development or marketed products associated with this research to declare.