About the Authors

Benjamin B. Albert

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ Benjamin B Albert and José G B Derraik contributed equally as first authors of this manuscript.

Affiliation Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

José G. B. Derraik

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ Benjamin B Albert and José G B Derraik contributed equally as first authors of this manuscript.

Affiliations Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

Yin-Yin Xia

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

kendraxia@163.com

Affiliation School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

Tom Norris

Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom

Ting Zhang

Roles Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

Ting-Li Han

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China, Canada-China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

Chen Chang

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China, Canada-China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

Angela Rowan

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand

Sophie Gallier

Roles Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand

Renato T. Souza

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil

Judith J. Hammond

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Auckland UniServices Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand

Wei Zhou

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Obstetrics, Chongqing Health Centre for Women and Children, Chongqing, China

Hua Zhang

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China, Canada-China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

Hong-Bo Qi

Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China, Canada-China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

Philip N. Baker

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China, Canada-China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

Competing Interests

The design and conception of the study was led by the principal investigators. The funders had no role in data collection, analysis, and interpretation, or decision to publish. When the study was undertaken, AR and SG were employed by Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd; the other authors have no financial conflicts of interest to disclose that may be relevant to this work. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.