About the Authors

Danielle Rice

Contributed equally to this work with: Danielle Rice, Kimberly Corace

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Kimberly Corace

Contributed equally to this work with: Danielle Rice, Kimberly Corace

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Substance Use and Concurrent Disorders Program, The Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, Ottawa, Ontario Canada, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Dianna Wolfe

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Leila Esmaeilisaraji

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Alan Michaud

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Alicia Grima

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Bradley Austin

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Reuben Douma

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Pauline Barbeau

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Claire Butler

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Melanie Willows

Roles Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Substance Use and Concurrent Disorders Program, The Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, Ottawa, Ontario Canada, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Patricia A. Poulin

Roles Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada, Pain Clinic, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Beth A. Sproule

Roles Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Amy Porath

Roles Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Canadian Center on Substance Use and Addiction, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Gary Garber

Roles Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Sheena Taha

Roles Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Canadian Center on Substance Use and Addiction, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Gord Garner

Roles Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation The Community Addictions Peer Support Association (CAPSA), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Becky Skidmore

Roles Data curation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

David Moher

Roles Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Kednapa Thavorn

Roles Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Brian Hutton

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

bhutton@ohri.ca

Affiliations Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Competing Interests

BH has previously received honoraria from Eversana (previously Cornerstone Research Group) for the provision of methodologic advice related to systematic reviews and meta-analysis. This does not alter the adherence to PLOS Medicine policies on sharing data and materials. All other authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.