About the Authors

Daiju Narita

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

daiju.narita@global.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Affiliations Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, JICA Ogata Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan, Kiel Institute for the World Economy, Kiel, Germany

Ichiro Sato

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Sendai, Japan

Daikichi Ogawada

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Nippon Koei Co., Ltd, Tsukuba, Japan

Akiko Matsumura

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Nippon Koei Co., Ltd, Tsukuba, Japan

Competing Interests

The authors have read the journal's policy and have the following competing interests: DO and AM are paid employees of commercial engineering company, Nippon Koei Co. (https://www.n-koei.co.jp/english/). There are no patents, products in development or marketed products associated with this research to declare. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.