About the Authors

Michael Owusu

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Project administration, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

michaelowusu80@gmail.com

Affiliations Department of Medical Diagnostics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

Augustina Angelina Sylverken

Contributed equally to this work with: Augustina Angelina Sylverken, Sampson Twumasi Ankrah, Philip El-Duah, Nana Kwame Ayisi-Boateng, Richmond Yeboah, Richmond Gorman, Jesse Asamoah, Tabea Binger, Godfred Acheampong, Franklin Asiedu Bekoe, Sally-Ann Ohene, Rita Larsen-Reindorf, Anthony Afum-Adjei Awuah, John Amuasi, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Yaw Adu-Sarkodie, Richard Odame Phillips

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

Sampson Twumasi Ankrah

Contributed equally to this work with: Augustina Angelina Sylverken, Sampson Twumasi Ankrah, Philip El-Duah, Nana Kwame Ayisi-Boateng, Richmond Yeboah, Richmond Gorman, Jesse Asamoah, Tabea Binger, Godfred Acheampong, Franklin Asiedu Bekoe, Sally-Ann Ohene, Rita Larsen-Reindorf, Anthony Afum-Adjei Awuah, John Amuasi, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Yaw Adu-Sarkodie, Richard Odame Phillips

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis

Affiliation Department of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

Philip El-Duah

Contributed equally to this work with: Augustina Angelina Sylverken, Sampson Twumasi Ankrah, Philip El-Duah, Nana Kwame Ayisi-Boateng, Richmond Yeboah, Richmond Gorman, Jesse Asamoah, Tabea Binger, Godfred Acheampong, Franklin Asiedu Bekoe, Sally-Ann Ohene, Rita Larsen-Reindorf, Anthony Afum-Adjei Awuah, John Amuasi, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Yaw Adu-Sarkodie, Richard Odame Phillips

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, Institute of Virology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Nana Kwame Ayisi-Boateng

Contributed equally to this work with: Augustina Angelina Sylverken, Sampson Twumasi Ankrah, Philip El-Duah, Nana Kwame Ayisi-Boateng, Richmond Yeboah, Richmond Gorman, Jesse Asamoah, Tabea Binger, Godfred Acheampong, Franklin Asiedu Bekoe, Sally-Ann Ohene, Rita Larsen-Reindorf, Anthony Afum-Adjei Awuah, John Amuasi, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Yaw Adu-Sarkodie, Richard Odame Phillips

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

Richmond Yeboah

Contributed equally to this work with: Augustina Angelina Sylverken, Sampson Twumasi Ankrah, Philip El-Duah, Nana Kwame Ayisi-Boateng, Richmond Yeboah, Richmond Gorman, Jesse Asamoah, Tabea Binger, Godfred Acheampong, Franklin Asiedu Bekoe, Sally-Ann Ohene, Rita Larsen-Reindorf, Anthony Afum-Adjei Awuah, John Amuasi, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Yaw Adu-Sarkodie, Richard Odame Phillips

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration

Affiliation Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

Richmond Gorman

Contributed equally to this work with: Augustina Angelina Sylverken, Sampson Twumasi Ankrah, Philip El-Duah, Nana Kwame Ayisi-Boateng, Richmond Yeboah, Richmond Gorman, Jesse Asamoah, Tabea Binger, Godfred Acheampong, Franklin Asiedu Bekoe, Sally-Ann Ohene, Rita Larsen-Reindorf, Anthony Afum-Adjei Awuah, John Amuasi, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Yaw Adu-Sarkodie, Richard Odame Phillips

Roles Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

Jesse Asamoah

Contributed equally to this work with: Augustina Angelina Sylverken, Sampson Twumasi Ankrah, Philip El-Duah, Nana Kwame Ayisi-Boateng, Richmond Yeboah, Richmond Gorman, Jesse Asamoah, Tabea Binger, Godfred Acheampong, Franklin Asiedu Bekoe, Sally-Ann Ohene, Rita Larsen-Reindorf, Anthony Afum-Adjei Awuah, John Amuasi, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Yaw Adu-Sarkodie, Richard Odame Phillips

Roles Data curation, Methodology

Affiliation Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

Tabea Binger

Contributed equally to this work with: Augustina Angelina Sylverken, Sampson Twumasi Ankrah, Philip El-Duah, Nana Kwame Ayisi-Boateng, Richmond Yeboah, Richmond Gorman, Jesse Asamoah, Tabea Binger, Godfred Acheampong, Franklin Asiedu Bekoe, Sally-Ann Ohene, Rita Larsen-Reindorf, Anthony Afum-Adjei Awuah, John Amuasi, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Yaw Adu-Sarkodie, Richard Odame Phillips

Roles Project administration

Affiliation Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

Godfred Acheampong

Contributed equally to this work with: Augustina Angelina Sylverken, Sampson Twumasi Ankrah, Philip El-Duah, Nana Kwame Ayisi-Boateng, Richmond Yeboah, Richmond Gorman, Jesse Asamoah, Tabea Binger, Godfred Acheampong, Franklin Asiedu Bekoe, Sally-Ann Ohene, Rita Larsen-Reindorf, Anthony Afum-Adjei Awuah, John Amuasi, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Yaw Adu-Sarkodie, Richard Odame Phillips

Roles Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Health Systems Strengthening, Kumasi, Ghana

Franklin Asiedu Bekoe

Contributed equally to this work with: Augustina Angelina Sylverken, Sampson Twumasi Ankrah, Philip El-Duah, Nana Kwame Ayisi-Boateng, Richmond Yeboah, Richmond Gorman, Jesse Asamoah, Tabea Binger, Godfred Acheampong, Franklin Asiedu Bekoe, Sally-Ann Ohene, Rita Larsen-Reindorf, Anthony Afum-Adjei Awuah, John Amuasi, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Yaw Adu-Sarkodie, Richard Odame Phillips

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Disease Surveillance Unit, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana

Sally-Ann Ohene

Contributed equally to this work with: Augustina Angelina Sylverken, Sampson Twumasi Ankrah, Philip El-Duah, Nana Kwame Ayisi-Boateng, Richmond Yeboah, Richmond Gorman, Jesse Asamoah, Tabea Binger, Godfred Acheampong, Franklin Asiedu Bekoe, Sally-Ann Ohene, Rita Larsen-Reindorf, Anthony Afum-Adjei Awuah, John Amuasi, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Yaw Adu-Sarkodie, Richard Odame Phillips

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation World Health Organisation Office, Accra, Ghana

Rita Larsen-Reindorf

Contributed equally to this work with: Augustina Angelina Sylverken, Sampson Twumasi Ankrah, Philip El-Duah, Nana Kwame Ayisi-Boateng, Richmond Yeboah, Richmond Gorman, Jesse Asamoah, Tabea Binger, Godfred Acheampong, Franklin Asiedu Bekoe, Sally-Ann Ohene, Rita Larsen-Reindorf, Anthony Afum-Adjei Awuah, John Amuasi, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Yaw Adu-Sarkodie, Richard Odame Phillips

Roles Project administration

Affiliation Ashanti Regional Health Directorate, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana

Anthony Afum-Adjei Awuah

Contributed equally to this work with: Augustina Angelina Sylverken, Sampson Twumasi Ankrah, Philip El-Duah, Nana Kwame Ayisi-Boateng, Richmond Yeboah, Richmond Gorman, Jesse Asamoah, Tabea Binger, Godfred Acheampong, Franklin Asiedu Bekoe, Sally-Ann Ohene, Rita Larsen-Reindorf, Anthony Afum-Adjei Awuah, John Amuasi, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Yaw Adu-Sarkodie, Richard Odame Phillips

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, Department of Molecular Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

John Amuasi

Contributed equally to this work with: Augustina Angelina Sylverken, Sampson Twumasi Ankrah, Philip El-Duah, Nana Kwame Ayisi-Boateng, Richmond Yeboah, Richmond Gorman, Jesse Asamoah, Tabea Binger, Godfred Acheampong, Franklin Asiedu Bekoe, Sally-Ann Ohene, Rita Larsen-Reindorf, Anthony Afum-Adjei Awuah, John Amuasi, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Yaw Adu-Sarkodie, Richard Odame Phillips

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, Department of Global and International Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

Ellis Owusu-Dabo

Contributed equally to this work with: Augustina Angelina Sylverken, Sampson Twumasi Ankrah, Philip El-Duah, Nana Kwame Ayisi-Boateng, Richmond Yeboah, Richmond Gorman, Jesse Asamoah, Tabea Binger, Godfred Acheampong, Franklin Asiedu Bekoe, Sally-Ann Ohene, Rita Larsen-Reindorf, Anthony Afum-Adjei Awuah, John Amuasi, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Yaw Adu-Sarkodie, Richard Odame Phillips

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Global and International Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

Yaw Adu-Sarkodie

Contributed equally to this work with: Augustina Angelina Sylverken, Sampson Twumasi Ankrah, Philip El-Duah, Nana Kwame Ayisi-Boateng, Richmond Yeboah, Richmond Gorman, Jesse Asamoah, Tabea Binger, Godfred Acheampong, Franklin Asiedu Bekoe, Sally-Ann Ohene, Rita Larsen-Reindorf, Anthony Afum-Adjei Awuah, John Amuasi, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Yaw Adu-Sarkodie, Richard Odame Phillips

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

Richard Odame Phillips

Contributed equally to this work with: Augustina Angelina Sylverken, Sampson Twumasi Ankrah, Philip El-Duah, Nana Kwame Ayisi-Boateng, Richmond Yeboah, Richmond Gorman, Jesse Asamoah, Tabea Binger, Godfred Acheampong, Franklin Asiedu Bekoe, Sally-Ann Ohene, Rita Larsen-Reindorf, Anthony Afum-Adjei Awuah, John Amuasi, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Yaw Adu-Sarkodie, Richard Odame Phillips

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, Department of Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.